The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.

1986/01/01 by Reuben M. Baron, David A. Kenny · 491 citations
Psychology · Social Sciences · #Cultural Differences and Values #Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development #Social and Intergroup Psychology

paper · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173

Abstract

In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.

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• Managing Employee Compliance with Information Security Policies: The Critical Role of Top Management and Organizational Culture*
• Understanding the Role of Individual Innovativeness in the Acceptance of IT‐Based Innovations: Comparative Analyses of Models and Measures*
• Membership Size, Communication Activity, and Sustainability: A Resource-Based Model of Online Social Structures
• How Conditioning on Posttreatment Variables Can Ruin Your Experiment and What to Do about It
• Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance
• Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification
• Promoting felt responsibility for constructive change and proactive behavior: exploring aspects of an elaborated model of work design
• Stress‐related aftermaths to workplace politics: the relationships among politics, job distress, and aggressive behavior in organizations
• An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes
• The more I want, the less I have left to give: The moderating role of psychological entitlement on the relationship between psychological contract violation, depressive mood states, and citizenship behavior
• Eight Myths About Causality and Structural Equation Models
• A longitudinal study of sustainability attitudes, intentions, and behaviors
• Creativity and its Criteria
• Island biogeography theory provides a plausible explanation for why larger vertebrates and taller humans have more diverse gut microbiomes
• A graphical causal model for resolving species identity effects and biodiversity–ecosystem function correlations
• Entrepreneurship and well-being: The role of psychological autonomy, competence, and relatedness
• อทธพลของคณลกษณะของผทรงอทธพลทางความคดทสงผลตอความตงใจในการใชบรการรานอาหารของผบรโภคในจงหวดชลบร: บทบาทการแทรกของการรบรถงความไววางใจ
• Children's use of semantic organizational strategies is mediated by working memory capacity
• Dyadic assessment of sexual self-disclosure and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual dating couples
• Emotional investment
• Attachment relationships and adolescents' life satisfaction: Some relationships matter more to girls than boys
• Affiliative motivation, school attachment, and aggression in school
• Testing Mediation Effects Using Logic of Boolean Matrices
• Updating Prospective Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Cardiac Interoception in Anorexia Nervosa: An Experimental and Computational Study
• Backlash From the Bedroom
• Labor Unions and White Racial Politics
• The Blessings of Multiple Causes
• Health-Related Quality of Life and Physical Activity in Older Adults With Multiple Sclerosis
• Mediation analysis for mixture Cox proportional hazards cure models
• Beyond pairwise network similarity: exploring mediation and suppression between networks
• Toward a neuropsychology of political orientation: exploring ideology in patients with frontal and midbrain lesions
• How believing in affirmative action quotas protects White men’s self-esteem
• Cultural differences in intimacy: The influence of gender-role ideology and individualism—collectivism
• The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Employees’ Affective Organizational Commitment in Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Moderated Mediation Model
• The mediating role of overall fairness and the moderating role of trust certainty in justice–criteria relationships: the formation and use of fairness heuristics in the workplace
• Teacher Merit Pay: A Meta-Analysis
• The role of social identification as university student in learning: relationships between students’ social identity, approaches to learning, and academic achievement
• The Dialectical Self-Concept II
• Stacking the deck: the effects of top management backgrounds on investor decisions
• The Mediation Myth
• The Motivational Roots of Norms for Environmentally Responsible Behavior
• Aversive Affect Versus Racism as Predictors of Racial Discrimination in Helping
• Countering Fatalism: Causal Information in News Reports Affects Judgments About Earthquake Damage
• Personality Judgment and the Utility of the Unstructured Employment Interview
• Wald tests when restrictions are locally singular
• On estimating causal controlled direct and mediator effects for count outcomes without assuming sequential ignorability
• Long and Short Routes to Success in Electronically Mediated Negotiations: Group Affiliations and Good Vibrations
• Managing Internet Product Returns: A Focus on Effective Service Operations
• Toward a Theory of Whistleblowing Intentions: A Benefit‐to‐Cost Differential Perspective*
• The Role of Body Mass Index at Diagnosis on Black-White Disparities in\n Colorectal Cancer Survival: A Density Regression Mediation Approach
• Leader trait learning goal orientation and employee voice behavior: the mediating role of managerial openness and the moderating role of felt obligation
• The Impact of Tic Severity, Comorbidity and Peer Attachment on Quality of Life Outcomes and Functioning in Tourette’s Syndrome: Parental Perspectives
• The double‐edged sword of recombination in breakthrough innovation
• Required Sample Size to Detect the Mediated Effect
• The Counterfeit Self
• The Good Life of the Powerful
• Association between the Five Factor personality traits and perceived stress: is the effect mediated by general self-efficacy?
• CEOs' reputation, quality management and environmental innovation: The roles of stakeholder pressure and resource commitment
• Help-Seeking Attitudes of United Arab Emirates Students
• Racial Group Differences in Help-Seeking Behaviors
• The roles of transparency and trust in the relationship between corruption and citizen satisfaction
• Remorse, Confession, Group Identity, and Expectancies About Repeating a Transgression
• How the Opinions of Racial Minorities Influence Judgments of Discrimination
• Diversity Trainer Preconceptions: The Effects of Trainer Race and Gender on Perceptions of Diversity Trainer Effectiveness
• The link between belongingness and depressive symptoms: An exploration in the workplace interpersonal context
• Building Effective Online Marketplaces with Institution-Based Trust
• Impact of maternal childhood trauma on child behavioral problems: The role of child frontal alpha asymmetry
• Hate Crimes Hurt More, but so Do Co-Offenders: Separating the Influence of Co-Offending and Bias on Hate-Motivated Physical Injury
• Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta‐analytic review
• The effect of tertiary teachers’ goal orientations for teaching on their commitment: the mediating role of teacher engagement
• Relationships among individual task self-efficacy, self-regulated learning strategy use and academic performance in a computer-supported collaborative learning environment
• Examining the mediating effect of learning strategies on the relationship between students’ history interest and achievement
• State Capacity, Bureaucratic Politicization, and Corruption in the Brazilian State
• Causal Mediation Analysis of Survival Outcome with Multiple Mediators
• Generating Collective Social Safety in Times of Political Change: The Motivating Effects of Inexplicable Behavior
• Emotion regulation in pathological skin picking: Findings from a non-treatment seeking sample
• Linking transformational leadership, creativity, innovation, and innovation-supportive climate
• Effects of intellectual capital on innovative performance
• The impact of knowledge governance on knowledge sharing
• Do high electricity bills undermine public support for renewables? Evidence from the European Union
• Are Individual Differences Germane to the Acceptance of New Information Technologies?
• Does health literacy mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and health disparities? Integrative review
• The Hiring Process Matters: The Role of Person–Job and Person–Organization Fit in Teacher Satisfaction
• Separation from siblings: Associations with placement adaptation and outcomes among adolescents in long-term foster care
• A Survival Mediation Model with Bayesian Model Averaging
• An analysis of purchase intentions toward organic food on health consciousness and food safety with/under structural equation modeling
• Power of Mediation Effects Using Bootstrap Resampling
• “Voice Within Voice”: Members’ Voice Responses to Dissatisfaction with Their Union
• Steering sheep: How expressed emotional ambivalence elicits dominance in interdependent decision making contexts
• Social Competence as a Mediating Factor in Reduction of Behavioral Problems
• Feeling Creative, Being Creative: An Empirical Study of Diversity and Creativity in Teams
• The Relative Trustworthiness of Inferential Tests of the Indirect Effect in Statistical Mediation Analysis
• Summarizing 25 Years of Research on Men's Gender Role Conflict Using the Gender Role Conflict Scale
• Positive Effects of Negative Publicity: When Negative Reviews Increase Sales
• Using PLS Path Modeling for Assessing Hierarchical Construct Models: Guidelines and Empirical Illustration1
• Network Environments and Well-Being: An Examination of Personal Network Structure, Social Capital, and Perceived Social Support
• Understanding Associations between Information Seeking and Scanning and Health Risk Behaviors: An Early Test of the Structural Influence Model
• Sustainability among Norwegian maritime firms: Green strategy and innovation as mediators of long‐term orientation and emission reduction
• High‐performance work systems and creativity implementation: the role of psychological capital and psychological safety
• Too precise to pursue: How precise first offers create barriers-to-entry in negotiations and markets
• When negotiators with honest reputations are less (and more) likely to be deceived
• Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation
• Effects of peer academic reputation on achievement in academically at-risk elementary students
• Explanation in causal inference: developments in mediation and interaction
• In Search of Innovation and Customer‐related Performance Superiority: The Role of Market Orientation, Marketing Capability, and Innovation Capability Interactions
• Demeanor, Race, and Police Perceptions of Procedural Justice: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments
• Explaining attitudes about homosexuality in Confucian and non-Confucian nations: Is there a ‘cultural’ influence?
• When status is grabbed and when status is granted: Getting ahead in dominance and prestige hierarchies
• Reflecting on Sacrifices Made by Past Generations Increases a Sense of Obligation Towards Future Generations
• A Meta-Analytic Review of the Common-Sense Model of Illness Representations
• Feedback-seeking behavior in second language writing: motivational mechanisms
• Amplifying Division: Electoral Misinformation and Political Intolerance in Brazil
• Is Transformational Leadership Theory Passé? Revisiting the Integrative Effect of Instructional Leadership and Transformational Leadership on Student Outcomes
• On doing relevant and rigorous experiments: Review and recommendations
• Absorptive capacity, learning, and performance in international joint ventures
• Emotions in Online Content Diffusion
• Antecedents and consequences of fast-food restaurant customers' perception of price fairness
• Understanding the Antecedents, Contingencies, and Performance Implications of Process Innovation: A Dynamic Capabilities Perspective
• Large-P Variable Selection in Two-Stage Models

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