The Strength of Weak Ties

1973/05/01 by Mark Granovetter, Mark S. Granovetter · 477 citations
Physics and Astronomy · Social Sciences · #Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence #Complex Network Analysis Techniques #Social Capital and Networks

paper · doi:10.1086/225469

Abstract

Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups.

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• “This wine is dead!”: unravelling the effect of word-of-mouth and its moderators in price-based wine quality perceptions
• Cascading Edge Failures: A Dynamic Network Process
• Bridging Minds and Machines: Toward an Integration of AI and Cognitive Science
• Parameter-Free Structural-Diversity Message Passing for Graph Neural Networks
• Universal vulnerability in strong modular networks with various degree distributions between inequality and equality
• Workgroup Mapping: Visual Analysis of Collaboration Culture
• The influences of interlocking director network on voluntary supply chain disclosure
• Evaluating stochastic seeding strategies in networks
• The conditional effects of social influence in transportation mode choice
• The Impact of Context Collapse and Privacy on Social Network Site Disclosures
• Missional capital: A unifying framework for strengthening local church mission
• Triadic closure in two-mode networks: Redefining the global and local clustering coefficients
• Network diversity, contact diversity, and status attainment
• Generating Clustered Journal Maps: An Automated System for Hierarchical\n Classification
• Heterogeneous Influence Maximization in User Recommendation
• Ranking Users in Social Networks with Motif-based PageRank
• Creative Cities: Conceptual Issues and Policy Questions
• Weak ties and the core discussion network: Why people regularly discuss important matters with unimportant alters
• Do resources of network members help in help seeking? Social capital and health information search
• Network cohesion and social support
• Dimensions of social networks: A taxonomy and operationalization
• Including the majority: Examining the local social interactions of renters in four case study condominiums in Sydney
• Leveraging Social-Network Infrastructure to Improve Peer-to-Peer Overlay Performance: Results from Orkut
• Towards a Model of Olympic Social Capital: Theory and Early Evidence
• The Evolution of the Art Fair
• A Game Theoretic Model for the Formation of Navigable Small-World Networks --- the Tradeoff between Distance and Reciprocity
• Multiple Levels of Analysis and the Limitations of Methodological Individualisms
• The Influence of Social Ties on Performance in Team-based Online Games
• Epidemic effects in the diffusion of emerging digital technologies: evidence from artificial intelligence adoption
• The role of residential urban form and built environment in supporting social interaction, health, and well-being: a focus on forming and maintaining ties
• Early insight into social network structure predicts climbing the social ladder
• Higher-order interactions shape collective human behaviour
• The Pareto effect in tipping social networks: from minority to majority
• A Roadmap to Promotion: Leveraging Networks for Your Career Advancement
• Can social capital remedy structural inequality? Economic mobility in a longitudinal population-scale social network
• Social Contexts in Team Formation: Why Do Independent Start-Ups and University Spin-Offs Form Teams Differently?
• Small Worlds and Cultural Polarization
• The Political Significance of Social Penumbras
• A Parallel Algorithm for Finding Robust Spanners in Large Social Networks
• Alliance portfolios and firm performance: A study of value creation and appropriation in the U.S. software industry
• Joseph Woelfel [wikipedia]
• Social network (sociolinguistics) [wikipedia]
• Attributes of interactive online health information systems. [europepmc]
• Psychosocial risk factors in home and community settings and their associations with population health and health inequalities: a systematic meta-review. [europepmc]
• Degeneracy: a link between evolvability, robustness and complexity in biological systems. [europepmc]
• Independence through social networks: bridging potential among older women and men. [europepmc]
• Psychological pathways linking social support to health outcomes: a visit with the "ghosts" of research past, present, and future. [europepmc]
• Biological robustness: paradigms, mechanisms, and systems principles. [europepmc]
• Taking sociality seriously: the structure of multi-dimensional social networks as a source of information for individuals. [europepmc]
• A systematic review of the relationships between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health: a contribution to understanding the psychosocial pathway of health inequalities. [europepmc]
• Why less may be more: a mixed methods study of the work and relatedness of 'weak ties' in supporting long-term condition self-management. [europepmc]
• The scaling of human interactions with city size. [europepmc]
• Loneliness: clinical import and interventions. [europepmc]
• Social Networks of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults. [europepmc]
• Do online social media cut through the constraints that limit the size of offline social networks? [europepmc]
• A review of social participation interventions for people with mental health problems. [europepmc]
• Why are there so many explanations for primate brain evolution? [europepmc]
• Social isolation in mental health: a conceptual and methodological review. [europepmc]
• Bonobos respond prosocially toward members of other groups. [europepmc]
• Finding influential nodes for integration in brain networks using optimal percolation theory. [europepmc]
• Effective advocacy strategies for influencing government nutrition policy: a conceptual model. [europepmc]
• Echo chambers and viral misinformation: Modeling fake news as complex contagion. [europepmc]
• Network-based prediction of protein interactions. [europepmc]
• Deconstructing sociality: the types of social connections that predict longevity in a group-living primate. [europepmc]
• Self-Other Representation in the Social Brain Reflects Social Connection. [europepmc]
• COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health. [europepmc]
• Systematic evaluation of fMRI data-processing pipelines for consistent functional connectomics. [europepmc]

Related

• Social Ties
• Network ecology: Tie fitness in social context(s)
• Social Network Analysis
• What defines a group of friends? Rethinking community structure in signed, directed networks
• The Social Bow Tie