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Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.

2000/01/01 by Richard M. Ryan, Edward L. Deci · 35,049 citations
Neuroscience · Psychology · #Autonomy #Cognitive evaluation theory #Cognitive psychology #Developmental psychology #Education, Achievement, and Giftedness #Facilitation #Goal theory #Intrinsic motivation #Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports #Neuroscience #Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies #Political science #Psychology #Self-determination theory #Social facilitation #Social psychology

paper · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68

published in American Psychologist 55(1), 68-78 (American Psychological Association)

openalex publication_date 2000/01/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theory has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically, factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness--which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains such as health care, education, work, sport, religion, and psychotherapy.

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