The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)

2020/08/01 by Paula J Reimer, Paula Reimer, William E N Austin +58 · 329 citations
Earth and Planetary Sciences · #Archaeology and ancient environmental studies #Geological and Geochemical Analysis #Geology and Paleoclimatology Research

paper · pdf · doi:10.1017/rdc.2020.41

openalex publication_date 2020/08/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31

Abstract

ABSTRACT Radiocarbon ( 14 C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14 C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14 C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14 C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14 C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14 C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.

Citations

• IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP
• The IntCal20 Approach to Radiocarbon Calibration Curve Construction: A New Methodology Using Bayesian Splines and Errors-in-Variables
• Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP)
• SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 0–55,000 Years cal BP

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• Waste Management and Waste Disposal Detected by Combination of Analytical Methods: Late Bronze Age Březnice Settlement Site (South Bohemia)
• Sea level since the Last Glacial Maximum from the Atlantic coast of Africa
• An annually resolved 5700-year storm archive reveals drivers of Caribbean cyclone frequency
• Geomorphic changes and socio-environmental impacts of recent sand mining in the Sakarya River, NW Turkey
• Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Obsidian in Alberta and Human Dispersal into North America’s Ice-Free Corridor
• An inventory of phreatomagmatic volcanoes in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
• A Lake Record of Geomagnetic Secular Variations for the Last 23 ka From Lake Chala: Toward a Composite Directional Lake Record of the Earth's Magnetic Field for Equatorial East Africa
• Mitogenomic analysis of a late Pleistocene jaguar from North America
• Exploring Affordances: Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Settlement Locations and Human-Environment Engagements in Southeast Norway
• The pyrogeography of Amazonia: a Holocene perspective
• Stadial–interstadial climate oscillations influence postglacial ecological succession at the southwestern margin of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet: insights from sedimentary ancient DNA
• Twenty-first century emergence of alpine fire in Central African mountains
• Formation of Mesolithic hunting campsites
• Distributed right-lateral strain at the northern boundary of the Quito-Latacunga microblock
• Luminescence dating of coastal deposits from the Chanthaburi Plain, Thailand
• Poseidon's Sanctuary at Samikon—The Discovery of an Ancient Temple Through an Integrated Geophysical and Geoarchaeological Survey Approach for Lagoonal and Swampy Environments
• Late Holocene coastal sand-drift events and long-term socio-ecological resilience (Béniguet Island, Western France)
• Reconstructing post‐crisis recovery in the hinterlands of Constantinople: A high‐resolution first‐millennium CE pollen record from Lake Yeniçağa (NW Türkiye)
• Volcanic forcing of global climate cooling at the Younger Dryas onset preserved in North American sediments
• Probability in the Pleistocene: Origins and Antiquity of Native American Dice, Games of Chance, and Gambling
• Unprecedented Burning in Tropical Peatlands During the 20th Century Compared to the Previous Two Millennia
• Climatic factors and human population changes in Eurasia between the Last Glacial Maximum and the early Holocene
• The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene
• Late Pleistocene carnivoran fossils from Calera cave system, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
• TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE THROUGH MIDDLE HOLOCENE OCCUPATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN MESOAMERICA: LINKING ECOLOGY AND CULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF NEOTROPICAL FORAGERS AND EARLY FARMERS
• Stages and chronology of Late Holocene transformation of Chernozems into Luvisols in the loess belt of south-west Poland
• Pollen evidence for a wet Younger Dryas in northern NE China
• Holocene process-based hydroclimate evolution coupled with human behaviours in Dian Lake basin, Southwest China
• Stable isotope measurements reveal diverse agricultural management strategies in the Roman Iron Age (1–400 cal AD) southeast Baltic
• Beachrock formation influenced by co‐seismic deformation and relative sea‐level changes during the Holocene near the Gulf of Saros, Türkiye ( <scp>NE</scp> Aegean Sea)
• Mountainous vegetation succession and land use during the last millennium in the Peloponnese (southern Greece): Environmental change and economic development in an isolated periphery
• Genome analyses suggest recent speciation and postglacial isolation in the Norwegian lemming
• Silts with a human touch: the shift from natural to anthropogenically controlled fluvial dynamics in the Kinzig River floodplains, southwestern Germany
• Bayesian estimates of the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect during the Magdalenian in northern Iberia
• Holocene patterns of peat accumulation in Peruvian Amazonia
• Carbon uptake, storage, and allocation patterns contribute to blurring of annual <scp> ¹⁴ C </scp> signals in tree rings
• Demographic history of the Jomon people: insights from whole-mitogenome analysis
• Stone and mammoth ivory tool production, circulation, and human dispersals in the middle Tanana Valley, Alaska: Implications for the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas
• From Preservation to Transformation: Taphonomic Analysis of Archaeological Insect Remains from the French Atlantic Coastline
• Recent Changes in the Use of Phototrophy by a Mixotrophic Testate Amoeba Inferred from δ13C Measurements from an Arctic Peat Core
• From open landscapes to forest refugia: Human encroachment and climate change as drivers of red deer (Cervus elaphus) niche shifts over 21,000 years
• Regional climatic dynamics and cultural divergence in glacial western Europe
• Novel dynamics of human-carnivore interactions linked to the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe
• Purification of hydroxyproline for small-scale radiocarbon dating verified using archaeological bone collagen
• Isotopic evidence for elevated photorespiration during the last glacial period
• Long-term vegetation dynamics in a Neotropical coastal mountain: the late deglacial history of Cofre de Perote (Eastern central Mexico)
• Laguna Fuente de Piedra: An example of a dolomite factory recording ~50,000 years of depositional and paleoclimatic evolution
• Cause-effect relationship between volcanism and travertine-tufa deposition: the case study of Barranco de Azuaje, Gran Canaria, revisited
• Velkomoravské aglomerace: Centrální místa s vlastním zemědělským zázemím, lokální tržiště, nebo autarkní sídliště orientovaná na zemědělskou prvovýrobu?
• Approaching Marginal Landscapes in Archaeology: the Case of Ravenna’s Reclaimed Wetlands
• The Minoan Thera eruption predates Pharaoh Ahmose: Radiocarbon dating of Egyptian 17th to early 18th Dynasty museum objects
• Millennial-scale carbon-source changes revealed by sedimentary radiocarbon in Arctic lakes
• Relative sea‐level trends in southern Norway during the last millennium
• Volcanically induced glacier collapses in southern Jan Mayen (Sør‐Jan), Norway
• Food web reconstruction of Barmaky, the oldest post‐ <scp>LGM</scp> hunter‐gatherer site in north‐western Ukraine
• Genetic diversity of late Neanderthals in northwestern Europe
• Lateglacial and Holocene glacier variations in an active volcanic area, northern Jan Mayen (Nord‐Jan), Norway
• Spatiotemporal landscape dynamics drive organic matter mobilization and degradation in thermokarst terrain of the southern continuous permafrost zone
• Long-term ecological studies on the oxbow ecosystems development and fire history in the Drava river valley (Central Europe): Implications for ecological restoration
• Human occupation of the Afroalpine Bale Mountains at the onset of the African Humid Period
• Tracing the footprints of the Atlas Brown Bear: a metric analysis of Holocene and Late Pleistocene remains from Northern Morocco
• Evaluating ecological relationships and niche breadth among historically sympatric <i>Canis</i> taxa using isotope analysis
• Patterns of lithic procurement strategies in the Pre‐Pyrenean Middle Magdalenian sequence of Cova del Parco (Alòs de Balaguer, Spain)
• Characterizing the Construction of Terraced Hills ( <i>Cerros de Trincheras</i> ) in the Sonoran Desert Through Soil Characterization and Micromorphology
• Paula Reimer [wikipedia]

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