Soil Survey of Benton County

1917/08/11 by Michael W. Kraus, Paul K. Piff, Rodolfo Mendoza‐Denton +5 · 62 citations
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · Environmental Science · Psychology · Social Sciences · #Archaeology and Natural History #Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy Studies #Class (philosophy) #Contextualism #Cultural Differences and Values #Environmental science #Epistemology #Focus (optics) #Geology #Individualism #Linguistics #Perception #Political science #Politics #Psychology #Rangeland and Wildlife Management #Rank (graph theory) #Social and Cultural Dynamics #Social and Intergroup Psychology #Social class #Social psychology #Sociology #Soil science #Soil survey #Soil water

paper · open access · doi:10.1037/a0028756

published in Psychological Review 119(3), 546-72 (American Psychological Association)

openalex publication_date 1917/08/11 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/04

Abstract

Social class is shaped by an individual's material resources as well as perceptions of rank vis-à-vis others in society, and in this article, we examine how class influences behavior. Diminished resources and lower rank create contexts that constrain social outcomes for lower-class individuals and enhance contextualist tendencies--that is, a focus on external, uncontrollable social forces and other individuals who influence one's life outcomes. In contrast, abundant resources and elevated rank create contexts that enhance the personal freedoms of upper-class individuals and give rise to solipsistic social cognitive tendencies--that is, an individualistic focus on one's own internal states, goals, motivations, and emotions. Guided by this framework, we detail 9 hypotheses and relevant empirical evidence concerning how class-based contextualist and solipsistic tendencies shape the self, perceptions of the social environment, and relationships to other individuals. Novel predictions and implications for research in other socio-political contexts are considered.

Citations

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Cited by

• Assimilating and Differentiating: The Curvilinear Effect of Social Class on Green Consumption
• Advancing the psychology of social class with large-scale replications in four countries
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• Objects and Agents? Social Perception of OnlyFans Content Creators
• Inequality and Status Anxiety: Bad Allies of Health and Well-Being, but not for Everyone. The Role of Ideologies, Socioeconomic Status, and Economic Threat
• Helping People in Times of Need Cultivates Empathy Over Time
• Lower Social Class Does Not (Always) Mean Greater Interdependence
• Unsettled Class: Finnish Young People Navigating Social Class and Classed Identities
• Teaching Social Class
• Global Increases in Individualism
• “That's Just, Par for the Course”: Social Class, Objectification, and Body Image among White Working-Class Women in the United Kingdom
• Social class group identity, intergroup attitudes, and views on social mobility and inequality in the U.K. and the U.S.
• How Cultural Capital Shapes Mental Health Care Seeking in College
• An integrative theory of resource discrepancies
• Beyond Dewey’s Uncertainty: Banausic Knowledge as Democratic Foundation
• Economic Inequality Increases Materialism and Conspicuous Consumption
• The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour
• Socioeconomic status and social anxiety: attentional control as a key missing variable?
• Promoting pro-environmental choices while addressing energy poverty
• Death as a Way Out: How Subjective Social Class Shapes Death Attitudes and Suicidal Ideation
• The associations of relatedness need frustration and socioeconomic status with youth perfectionistic self-presentation on social media: The mediating role of social comparison
• Longitudinal analysis shows possible distinct patterns of associations between conspiracy beliefs and either institutional distrust or the sense of precarity
• Introducing elite discourse: the rhetorics of status, privilege, and power
• More‐than‐Active Food Citizens: A Longitudinal and Comparative Study of Alternative and Conventional Eaters
• Exploring the interplay between socioeconomic status and reading achievement: An expectancy‐value perspective
• Wisdom in Context
• Synthetic Socratic Debates: Examining Persona Effects on Moral Decision and Persuasion Dynamics
• Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Altruistic Behavior in Chinese Middle School Students: Mediating Role of Empathy
• The Social Ladder: A Rank-Based Perspective on Social Class
• Household Wealth is Associated With Perceived Trustworthiness in a Diverse Set of Countries
• Caring Too Much? Emotional Labor and Compassion Fatigue Among Faculty During the COVID-19 Pandemic
• Income Is a Stronger Predictor of Subjective Social Class in More Economically Unequal Places
• The Vertical Dimension of Social Relations and Accurate Interpersonal Perception: A Meta-Analysis
• Social class and wise reasoning about interpersonal conflicts across regions, persons and situations
• Show Me the Money: A Systematic Exploration of Manipulations, Moderators, and Mechanisms of Priming Effects
• Socioeconomic status and online shaming: The mediating role of belief in a just world
• Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the fairest of them all? Thinking that one is attractive increases the tendency to support inequality
• Social status and anger expression: the cultural moderation hypothesis. [europepmc]
• Subjective socioeconomic status and adolescent health: a meta-analysis. [europepmc]
• A Large Scale Test of the Effect of Social Class on Prosocial Behavior. [europepmc]
• The Chinese Experience of Rapid Modernization: Sociocultural Changes, Psychological Consequences? [europepmc]
• Change the things you can: Emotion regulation is more beneficial for people from lower than from higher socioeconomic status. [europepmc]
• Temporal Changes in Individualism and Their Ramification in Japan: Rising Individualism and Conflicts with Persisting Collectivism. [europepmc]
• The Interrelations Between Social Class, Personal Relative Deprivation, and Prosociality. [europepmc]
• The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour. [europepmc]
• Culture and social hierarchy: Self- and other-oriented correlates of socioeconomic status across cultures. [europepmc]
• Effects of Socioeconomic Status, Parent-Child Relationship, and Learning Motivation on Reading Ability. [europepmc]
• No evidence that economic inequality moderates the effect of income on generosity. [europepmc]
• Mapping the Passions: Toward a High-Dimensional Taxonomy of Emotional Experience and Expression. [europepmc]
• Striving While Black: Race and the Psychophysiology of Goal Pursuit. [europepmc]
• Subjective social status and health during high school and young adulthood. [europepmc]
• Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Well-Being: Revisiting the Role of Subjective Socioeconomic Status. [europepmc]
• A Call for Greater Attention to Culture in the Study of Brain and Development. [europepmc]
• Socioeconomic Status and Intimate Relationships. [europepmc]
• Children's evaluations of individually and structurally based inequalities: The role of status. [europepmc]
• Socioeconomic status and well-being during COVID-19: A resource-based examination. [europepmc]
• Economic Inequality Increases Status Anxiety Through Perceived Contextual Competitiveness. [europepmc]
• Higher socioeconomic status does not predict decreased prosocial behavior in a field experiment. [europepmc]
• Impact of social class on health: The mediating role of health self-management. [europepmc]
• What Are the Health Consequences of Upward Mobility? [europepmc]
• Ethnoracial disparities in cognition are associated with multiple socioeconomic status-stress pathways. [europepmc]
• Studying Socioeconomic Status: Conceptual Problems and an Alternative Path Forward. [europepmc]

Related

• The psychology of social class: How socioeconomic status impacts thought, feelings, and behaviour
• Social Class Differences in Self, Attribution, and Attention: Socially Expansive Individualism of Middle-Class Americans
• Lower Social Class Does Not (Always) Mean Greater Interdependence
• Advancing the psychology of social class with large-scale replications in four countries
• Why Does Social Class Affect Subjective Well-Being? The Role of Status and Power