Secondary Bacterial Infections Associated with Influenza Pandemics

2017/06/23 by Denise E. Morris, David Cleary, Stuart C. Clarke · 1 citation
Medicine · #Influenza Virus Research Studies #Respiratory viral infections research #Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections #Pandemic #Streptococcus pneumoniae #Outbreak #Haemophilus influenzae #Medicine #Staphylococcus aureus #Antibiotics #Epidemiology #Pneumonia #Immunology #Antibiotic resistance #Virology #Disease #Microbiology #Infectious disease (medical specialty) #Biology #Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) #Bacteria #Internal medicine

paper · pdf · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041

openalex publication_date 2017/06/23 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30

Abstract

Lower and upper respiratory infections are the fourth highest cause of global mortality (Lozano et al., 2012). Epidemic and pandemic outbreaks of respiratory infection are a major medical concern, often causing considerable disease and a high death toll, typically over a relatively short period of time. Influenza is a major cause of epidemic and pandemic infection. Bacterial co/secondary infection further increases morbidity and mortality of influenza infection, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus reported as the most common causes. With increased antibiotic resistance and vaccine evasion it is important to monitor the epidemiology of pathogens in circulation to inform clinical treatment and development, particularly in the setting of an influenza epidemic/pandemic.

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Cited by

• Spanish flu [wikipedia]

Related

• Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza: Implications for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness
• Deaths from Bacterial Pneumonia during 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic
• What Really Happened during the 1918 Influenza Pandemic? The Importance of Bacterial Secondary Infections
• Virus-Induced Changes of the Respiratory Tract Environment Promote Secondary Infections With Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Quantitative detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in patients with new influenza A (H1N1)/2009 and influenza A/2010 virus infection