Interplay between bacteria and pulmonary immune system in respiratory infections

2026/01/01 by Jiaqi Li, Letong Yang, Xiwen Qin +2 · 1 voice · 2 citations
Health Professions · Immunology and Microbiology · #Pediatric health and respiratory diseases #Immune Response and Inflammation #Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities

paper · doi:10.1016/j.hlife.2025.09.006

openalex created_date 2026/01/01 · openalex publication_date 2026/01/01 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01

Abstract

The local immune system of the lungs is essential for the defense against pathogens, and respiratory bacterial infections remain a major cause of mortality in patients with lower respiratory tract diseases. However, the precise mechanisms underlying immune–pathogen interactions and the modulatory roles of commensal bacteria remain incompletely understood. This review discusses the mechanisms of immune recognition and inflammatory responses during bacterial respiratory bacterial infections, highlighting the importance of pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors in detecting pathogens and triggering immune signaling pathways. We also explore how commensal bacteria influence the respiratory immune microenvironment and discuss the complex interplay among pathogenic bacteria, commensals, and the host pulmonary immune system. This analysis provides a theoretical foundation for the development of targeted therapeutics against bacterial respiratory infections.

Citations

• The Microbiome and the Respiratory Tract
• Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Peptide Action and Resistance
• The impact of lung microbiota dysbiosis on inflammation
• An overview of the non-canonical inflammasome
• Systemic and organ-specific immune-related manifestations of COVID-19
• Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases
• Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity
• Altitude adaptation: The unseen work of gut microbiota
• The NLRP6 inflammasome

Cited by

• Ex-Tregs: From controversial artifact to therapeutic target
• New design for universal respiratory vaccines: A new paradigm on integrated immunity

Discussions

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