Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice
2010/11/30 by Ian R. White, Patrick Royston, Angela M. Wood +1 · 93 citations
Mathematics · #Advanced Causal Inference Techniques #Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference #Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
paper · doi:10.1002/sim.4067
openalex publication_date 2010/11/30 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/30
Abstract
Multiple imputation by chained equations is a flexible and practical approach to handling missing data. We describe the principles of the method and show how to impute categorical and quantitative variables, including skewed variables. We give guidance on how to specify the imputation model and how many imputations are needed. We describe the practical analysis of multiply imputed data, including model building and model checking. We stress the limitations of the method and discuss the possible pitfalls. We illustrate the ideas using a data set in mental health, giving Stata code fragments.
Citations
Cited by
- Impute On-Demand: Adaptive Correlated Time Series Imputation for Changing Environments
- Imputation Uncertainty in Interpretable Machine Learning Methods
- Share, Rotate, Split: The Effects of Group Work Role Distributions on Student Outcomes
- Prenatal alcohol exposure and child cognition: semi-continuous exposures, causal inference and evidence synthesis
- Two-stage Estimation for Causal Inference Involving a Semi-continuous Exposure
- Does low back pain improve following supervised patient education and exercise therapy targeting hip osteoarthritis symptoms? a longitudinal cohort study of 5,014 patients
- An explainable machine learning approach to predict prolonged grief severity using the MARBLES archive
- Instructional contexts and time in first-grade math achievement: Moderating roles of math and externalizing behavioral risk
- Inverse Probability Weighting of Count Exposures in the Presence of Missing Data: A Simulation Study
- The role of preschool in promoting children’s healthy development: Evidence from an Australian population cohort
- Hypothermic vs Normothermic Machine Perfusion in Liver Transplantation in the US: A Cohort Study
- Cognitive and behavioural skills to prevent major depression among adults with subthreshold depression: 50-week follow-up analysis of smartphone CBT randomised trials (RESiLIENT trial)
- The Australian version of IAPT: clinical outcomes of the multi-site cohort study of NewAccess
- Computational Methods for Data Integration and Imputation of Missing Values in <i>Omics</i> Datasets
- How Big is the Handicap for Disadvantaged Pupils in Segregated Schooling Systems?
- Nonparametric Statistical Inference and Imputation for Incomplete Categorical Data
- Mode of birth and long‐term maternal mental health: A follow‐up study in the Danish National Birth Cohort
- Longitudinal associations between violence exposure and adolescent conduct problems in a high‐adversity, South African setting
- Social Determinants of Health and Pediatric Long COVID in the US
- Exploring potential cognitive foundations of scientific literacy in preschoolers: Causal reasoning and executive function
- Extinct Pleistocene carnivores were diurnal and highly active
- Is why we drink alcohol important when considering the potential public health benefit of alcohol-free and low-alcohol drinks? A cross-sectional study investigating associations between alcohol drinking motives and alcohol-free and low-alcohol drink consumption among adults in Great Britain
- Institutional conditions and acquisition of language skills among young refugees: Investigating the German context
- Is Working in College Worth It? How Hours on the Job Affect Postsecondary Outcomes
- Causal Effect Estimation with TMLE: Handling Missing Data and Near-Violations of Positivity
- Handling missing data in clinical research
- A Review of Deep Learning Methods for Irregularly Sampled Medical Time Series Data
- Complex coevolution of depression and health-related quality of life in old age
- Tax exposure and political preferences
- Child, Mother, Father, and Teacher Beliefs About Child Academic Competence: Predicting Math and Reading Performance in European American Adolescents
- A Review of Missing Data Reporting Practices in the Field of Internationalization of Higher Education
- Rehabilitation at Home Using Mobile Health for Older Adults Hospitalized for Ischemic Heart Disease
- Clinical Predictive Models for COVID-19: Systematic Study
- Early learning opportunities of preschool children affected by migration in China
- Multiple Imputation for Longitudinal Data: A Tutorial
- Social class differences in youths’ participation in organized sports: What are the mechanisms?
- The Role of Congeniality in Multiple Imputation for Doubly Robust Causal Estimation
- The Effect of Early College High Schools on STEM Bachelor's Degree Attainment: Evidence from North Carolina
- Machine learning prediction of conduct problems in children using the longitudinal <scp>ABCD</scp> study
- Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of extended nursing roles in dementia care: Results of the cluster‐randomized trial InDePendent
- Exploratory Factor Analysis With Small Samples and Missing Data
- Comparison of Parametric versus Machine-learning Multiple Imputation in Clinical Trials with Missing Continuous Outcomes
- TabINR: An Implicit Neural Representation Framework for Tabular Data Imputation
- The “Why” behind including “Y” in your imputation model
- Close but far away: Intergenerational relationships between retirement migrants and adult children
- Using directed acyclic graphs to determine whether multiple imputation or subsample-multiple imputation estimates of an exposure-outcome association are unbiased
- Data-driven material screening of secondary and natural cementitious precursors
- A health economic evaluation of the multinational, randomized controlled CONVINCE trial: cost-utility of high-dose online hemodiafiltration compared to high-flux hemodialysis
- Second-Generation Decline: Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease Between African Americans and Afro Caribbeans
- Clinical, social, and home-level factors associated with the quality of life of residents living with dementia in Canadian nursing homes: a cross-sectional, multi-province study
- Socioeconomic and ethnic inequalities increase the risk of type 2 diabetes: an analysis of NHS health check attendees in Birmingham
- Beyond the Incident: Institutional Predictors of Student Collective Action
- Emotional and behavioural difficulties in gender minority compared to cisgender adolescents: identity specific findings from a contemporary national study
- Endogamy norms and the gendered friendship-making of Muslim youth
- Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy for depression: comparing research studies with real-world clinical data from the Dutch ECT consortium
- Alzheimer Disease Blood Biomarker Concentrations Across Race and Ethnicity Groups in Middle-Aged Adults
- Characteristics of consumers of alcohol‐free and low‐alcohol drinks in Great Britain: A cross‐sectional study
- Early adulthood socioeconomic trajectories contribute to inequalities in adult diet quality, independent of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position
- A vein bypass first <i>versus</i> a best endovascular treatment first revascularization strategy for patients with chronic limb-threatening ischaemia who require an infra-popliteal, with or without an additional more proximal infra-inguinal, revascularization procedure to restore limb perfusion: the BASIL-2 within-trial health economic analysis
- Reducing stigma in primary care toward people who use drugs: A pilot study exploring the promise and limits of stigma training
- Sex-specific Association of Chronic Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With Reduced Bone Density and Quality
- The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on sleep outcomes in 10,336 young adolescents: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study
- Exploring bidirectional causality between religion and mental health: A longitudinal study using data from the parent generation of a UK birth cohort
- Effectiveness of a low-intensity nurse-led lifestyle intervention on glycaemic control in individuals with prediabetes: The PREDIPHONE randomized controlled clinical trial
- Impact of empiric antibiotics on risk of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i>—a causal inference observational analysis
- Associations Between Socioeconomic, Spatial and Educational Factors and Midlife Periodontal Disease Risk: Evidence From ‘High School and Beyond’
- Treatments with versus without medication for children with behavioural difficulties in clinical practice: an economic evaluation with observational data
- Urinary protein vs albumin for assessing kidney failure risk in chronic kidney disease
- Developmental trajectories of child and adolescent emotional problems: associations with early adult alcohol use behaviors
- Efficacy of Antibiotics for Chronic Low Back Pain With Disc Herniation
- Understanding the link between adolescent depression and precarious employment in adulthood: evidence from a sibling fixed effects analysis
- Optimizing sPESI with heart rate threshold adjustments for risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism: A retrospective cohort study
- Prenatal alcohol exposure, birthweight, and externalizing behavior in children: Insights from sex‐stratified four‐way decomposition
- Pathway to Excellence Designation, Nurse Work Environment, and Hospital Quality and Safety: A Multi‐State Hospital Study
- Identifying risk profile for adolescent e-cigarette use: A sex-stratified machine learning analysis
- Analyses using multiple imputation need to consider missing data in auxiliary variables
- Inflammatory and clinical risk factors for asthma attacks (ORACLE2): a patient-level meta-analysis of control groups of 22 randomised trials
- The Process of “Pushing Out”: Accumulated Disadvantage across School Punishment and Math Achievement Trajectories
- Does virtual service delivery make home visiting more accessible yet still provide benefits to families?
- Correcting for partial verification bias in diagnostic accuracy studies: A tutorial using R
- Does concern regarding climate change impact subsequent mental health? A longitudinal analysis using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
- High level of correspondence across different news domain quality rating sets
- Clinical characteristics, complications and outcomes of critically ill patients with Dengue in Brazil, 2012-2024: a nationwide, multicentre cohort study
- A Mixed‐Method Study on Gender and Intrahousehold Differences in Food Consumption From Khatlon Province, Tajikistan
- Variable selection via knockoffs in missing data settings with categorical predictors
- Supervised Dynamic Dimension Reduction with Deep Neural Network
- Estimating a new panel MSK dataset for comparative analyses of national\n absorptive capacity systems, economic growth, and development in low and\n middle income economies
- Body roundness index and mortality risk in patients with chronic kidney disease: moving beyond the obesity paradox
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Have Distinct Prediagnostic Blood Biochemical Profiles
- Quality control, data cleaning, imputation
- Adiposity, mortality, and disease risk: insights from bioimpedance analysis and magnetic resonance imaging
- Joint physical custody and mothers’ life satisfaction in Belgium, Finland, and Germany
- Direct Evidence for the Feedforward Neurovascular Coupling Mechanism in Humans During Task Onset: An EEG-fNIRS-TCD Multimodal Imaging Study
Related