The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire
2006/07/24 by Wilmar B. Schaufeli, Arnold B. Bakker, Marisa Salanova · 7,198 citations
Business, Management and Accounting · Health Professions · Psychology · #Burnout #Clinical psychology #Confirmatory factor analysis #Cynicism #Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout #Internal consistency #Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior #Psychology #Psychometrics #Reliability (semiconductor) #Scale (ratio) #Social psychology #Statistics #Structural equation modeling #Work (physics) #Work engagement #Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
paper · doi:10.1177/0013164405282471
published in Educational and Psychological Measurement 66(4), 701-716 (SAGE Publishing)
openalex publication_date 2006/07/24 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
Abstract
This article reports on the development of a short questionnaire to measure work engagement—a positive work-related state of fulfillment that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption. Data were collected in 10 different countries ( N = 14,521), and results indicated that the original 17-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) can be shortened to 9 items (UWES-9). The factorial validity of the UWES-9 was demonstrated using confirmatory factor analyses, and the three scale scores have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Furthermore, a two-factor model with a reduced Burnout factor (including exhaustion and cynicism) and an expanded Engagement factor (including vigor, dedication, absorption, and professional efficacy) fit best to the data. These results confirm that work engagement may be conceived as the positive antipode of burnout. It is concluded that the UWES-9 scores has acceptable psychometric properties and that the instrument can be used in studies on positive organizational behavior.
Cited by
- Leadership styles and outcome patterns for the nursing workforce and work environment: A systematic review
- Playful work design: Conceptualization, measurement, and validity
- Examining the inverted U-shaped relationship between workload and innovative work behavior: The role of work engagement and mindfulness
- Achieving success at work: development and validation of the Motivational Climate at Work Questionnaire (MCWQ)
- Relational energy at work: Implications for job engagement and job performance.
- Teachers’ Engagement at Work: An International Validation Study
- Flipped classroom experiences: student preferences and flip strategy in a higher education context
- What occupational risk factors significantly affect miners’ health: Findings from meta-analysis and association rule mining
- Toxic Leadership and the Masculinity Contest Culture: How “Win or Die” Cultures Breed Abusive Leadership
- Callings and work engagement: Moderated mediation model of work meaningfulness, occupational identity, and occupational self-efficacy.
- Occupational Factors and Faculty Well-Being: Investigating the Mediating Role of Need Frustration
- CALLING: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SCALE MEASURE
- Age differences in affective responses to inclusion experience: A daily diary study
- Employee engagement and emotional exhaustion of fly‐in‐fly‐out workers: A diary study
- Effect of CSR activities on meaningfulness, compassion, and employee engagement: A sense-making theoretical approach
- Extending the challenge–hindrance stressor framework: The role of psychological capital
- Crafting the Change: The Role of Employee Job Crafting Behaviors for Successful Organizational Change
- Engagement Detection in Meetings
- Helping to promote psychological well-being at work: The role of work engagement, work stress and psychological detachment using the job demands-resources model
- Leader Arrogance and Subordinate Outcomes: the Role of Feedback Processes
- Workplace Mindfulness: Multidimensional Model, Scale Development and Validation
- How ethical leadership influence employee creativity: A parallel multiple mediation model
- Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations
- Self‐nudging toward physical activity: Scale development, validation, and workplace implications
- Organizational career growth and career commitment: Moderated mediation model of work engagement and role modeling
- Employee Voice, Supervisor Support, and Engagement: The Mediating Role of Trust
- Role clarity, role conflict, and vitality at work: The role of the basic needs
- Daily fluctuations in teachers' well-being: a diary study using the Job Demands–Resources model
- Exploring the Effects of Job Autonomy on Engagement and Creativity: The Moderating Role of Performance Pressure and Learning Goal Orientation
- Leader-Follower (Dis) Similarity in Optimism: Its Effect on Followers’ Role Conflict, Vigor and Performance
- Occupational Well-being Among University Faculty: A Job Demands-Resources Model
- The Job Engagement Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Form in English and French
- Identity, Importance, and Their Roles in How Corporate Social Responsibility Affects Workplace Attitudes and Behavior
- Social demands and resources predict job burnout and engagement profiles among Finnish employees
- The Shift Flextime Scale: a Measure of Flextime Availability, Use, and Consequences for Shift Workers
- School burnout and engagement in the context of demands–resources model
- Investigating engagement and burnout of gig-workers in the age of algorithms: an empirical study in digital labor platforms
- Navigating the algorithmic paradox: how and when perceived algorithmic control affects gig workers’ engagement through harmonious and obsessive work passion
- Staying engaged on the job
- Role conflict, role ambiguity, and proactive behaviors: does flexible role orientation moderate the mediating impact of engagement?
- Playful work design, engagement and performance: the moderating roles of boredom and conscientiousness
- Corporate social responsibility and employee attitudes: The moderating role of employee age
- Daily playful work design: A trait activation perspective
- The Effects of Information and Communication Technology Use on Human Energy and Fatigue: A Review
- The indirect effect of organizational justice on job performance and happiness through work engagement and burnout: a multilevel study
- The Psychology of Language Teachers
- It matters how old we feel in organizations: Testing a multilevel model of organizational subjective‐age diversity on employee outcomes
- Building work engagement: A systematic review and meta‐analysis investigating the effectiveness of work engagement interventions
- Corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: The moderating role of CSR‐specific relative autonomy and individualism
- The impact of a brief mindfulness‐based intervention on different dimensions of work engagement among paediatric ICU nurses: A quasi‐experimental study
- Loneliness, academic self-efficacy, and student engagement in the online learning environment: the role of humor in learning
- The Occupational Depression Inventory: A new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists
- Employee well-being in the digital age: Assessing the impacts of a smartphone application in the workplace
- Please respond ASAP: Workplace telepressure and employee recovery.
- A personal network analysis of remote workers
- The role of job insecurity in emotional exhaustion and work engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic: the moderating effect of organizational reward and care policies ( El papel de la inseguridad laboral en el agotamiento emocional y el compromiso laboral durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 : el efecto moderador de la recompensa organizacional y las políticas de cuidad o)
- Seclusion and the importance of contextual factors: An innovation project revisited
- When Fulfillment is Not Enough: Early Childhood Teacher Occupational Burnout and Turnover Intentions from a Job Demands and Resources Perspective
- Social Job Stressors can Foster Employee Well-Being: Introducing the Concept of Social Challenge Stressors
- The effect of green HRM on employee green behaviors in higher education: the mediating mechanism of green work engagement
- The association between psychological reactions, resilience, and work engagement among Palestinian critical care nurses in West Bank
- Designing and Psychometric Properties Evaluation of the Tool for Measuring Professional Engagement in Clinical Nurses: Protocol of a Mixed-Methods Study
- Leading for Whom? Teaching-Research Officers’ Role Perception and Work Engagement in Chinese Mainland
- Is shooting for fairness always beneficial? The influence of promotion fairness on employees' cognitive and emotional reactions to promotion failure
- Personality, Well-Being, and Health*
- Burnout and Occupational Wellbeing of Special Education Teachers: Recent Research Synthesized
- Newly qualified teachers’ work engagement and teacher efficacy influences on job satisfaction, burnout, and the intention to quit
- Structure and Agency in Networked, Distributed Work
- Corporate social responsibility and work engagement: testing a moderated mediation model
- Cross-Lagged Relations Between Work–Family Enrichment, Vigor at Work, and Core Self-evaluations: A Three-Wave Study
- Creation of the algorithmic management questionnaire: A six‐phase scale development process
- Older and More Engaged: The Mediating Role of Age-Linked Resources on Work Engagement
- Ethical leadership, work engagement, employees’ well-being, and performance: a cross-cultural comparison
- Parental Attachment and Academic Well‐Being in Adolescence: Mediation Effect of Perceived Social Support
- Signalling theory as a framework for analysing human resource management processes and integrating human resource attribution theories: A conceptual analysis and empirical exploration
- Are freelancers a breed apart? The role of protean and boundaryless career attitudes in employability and career success
- Having fun and thriving: The impact of fun human resource practices on employees' autonomous motivation and thriving at work
- Reciprocal effects of mathematics performance, school engagement and burnout during adolescence
- Development of School Engagement in Association With Academic Success and Well-Being in Varying Social Contexts
- Performance appraisal justice and employees' work engagement in the public sector: Making the most of performance appraisal design
- Experience layoffs, work engagement and the buffering effect of POS: a psychological contract perspective
- Intrinsic motivation of GPs was not related to recruitment success, whereas interest in the study topic was
- The impact of workaholism on day-level workload and emotional exhaustion, and on longer-term job performance
- Share, like, twitter, and connect: Ecological momentary assessment to examine the relationship between non-work social media use at work and work engagement
- Occupational self-efficacy and work engagement as moderators in the stressor-detachment model
- Az adaptív vezetés hatása a munka iránti elköteleződésre
- A process model of employee engagement: The learning climate and its relationship with extra‐role performance behaviors
- Linking positive emotions and academic performance: The mediated role of academic psychological capital and academic engagement
- Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology
- The effects of responsible leadership and knowledge sharing on job performance among knowledge workers
- Impact of psychological capital on organizational citizenship behavior
- Person-organisation fit and turnover intention: the mediating role of work engagement
- Women’s glass ceiling beliefs predict work engagement and burnout
- The dual impact of job variety on employee happiness and stress: the mediating role of employee engagement and burnout
- Balancing act: exploring the mediating role of work–life balance on improving work engagement through organisational support
- Relationships between human energy and work‐related constructs: A meta‐analysis
- Measuring engagement at work: validation of the Chinese version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. [europepmc]
- Nurse work engagement impacts job outcome and nurse-assessed quality of care: model testing with nurse practice environment and nurse work characteristics as predictors. [europepmc]
- A life course perspective on working beyond retirement-results from a longitudinal study in the Netherlands. [europepmc]
- iLead-a transformational leadership intervention to train healthcare managers' implementation leadership. [europepmc]
- Building work engagement: A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effectiveness of work engagement interventions. [europepmc]
- Employment status transitions in employees with and without chronic disease in the Netherlands. [europepmc]
- The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Engagement in Nurses. [europepmc]
- Leader autonomy support in the workplace: A meta-analytic review. [europepmc]
- Do perceived working conditions and patient safety culture correlate with objective workload and patient outcomes: A cross-sectional explorative study from a German university hospital. [europepmc]
- Teachers' Growth Mindset and Work Engagement in the Chinese Educational Context: Well-Being and Perseverance of Effort as Mediators. [europepmc]
- The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students (UWES-9S): Factorial Validity, Reliability, and Measurement Invariance in a Chilean Sample of Undergraduate University Students. [europepmc]
- A Scoping Review Mapping Research on Green Space and Associated Mental Health Benefits. [europepmc]
- The Concept and Components of Engagement in Different Domains Applied to eHealth: A Systematic Scoping Review. [europepmc]
- Mental Health and Work Attitudes among People Resuming Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in China. [europepmc]
- Validation of the Japanese Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool. [europepmc]
- Characterization of Home Working Population during COVID-19 Emergency: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. [europepmc]
- COVID-Well: Evaluation of the Implementation of Supported Wellbeing Centres for Hospital Employees during the COVID-19 Pandemic. [europepmc]
- Effects of effort-reward imbalance, job satisfaction, and work engagement on self-rated health among healthcare workers. [europepmc]
- Growth Mindset and College Students' Learning Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Serial Mediation Model. [europepmc]
- Factors Associated with Physician Tolerance of Uncertainty: an Observational Study. [europepmc]
- Healthcare worker stress, anxiety and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore: A 6-month multi-centre prospective study. [europepmc]
- COPSOQ III in Germany: validation of a standard instrument to measure psychosocial factors at work. [europepmc]
- Stress and strain among veterinarians: a scoping review. [europepmc]
- Determinants of Sleep Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in University Students. [europepmc]
- The quiet quitting scale: Development and initial validation. [europepmc]
Related