Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error

1979/01/01 by James J. Heckman · 29,055 citations
Chemistry · Computer Science · Mathematics · #Advanced Computational Techniques in Science and Engineering #Artificial intelligence #Chemistry #Computer science #Econometrics #Economics #Mathematics #Sample (material) #Selection (genetic algorithm) #Selection bias #Statistics

paper · doi:10.2307/1912352

published in Econometrica 47(1), 153 (Wiley)

openalex publication_date 1979/01/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

Sample selection bias as a specification error This paper discusses the bias that results from using non-randomly selected samples to estimate behavioral relationships as an ordinary specification error or «omitted variables» bias. A simple consistent two stage estimator is considered that enables analysts to utilize simple regression methods to estimate behavioral functions by least squares methods. The asymptotic distribution of the estimator is derived.

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• Individual responses to firm failure: Appraisals, grief, and the influence of prior failure experience
• Governmental venture capital in Europe: Screening and certification
• The incidence and effects of overeducation in the U.K. graduate labour market
• The returns to education in Slovenia
• The Effects of Derivatives on Firm Risk and Value
• Utilization of alternative systems of medicine as health care services in India: Evidence on AYUSH care from NSS 2014
• Undocumented workers in the labor market: An analysis of the earnings of legal and illegal Mexican immigrants in the United States
• Sample Selection Bias Correction Theory
• Detecting and Statistically Correcting Sample Selection Bias
• The effects of sample selection bias on racial differences in child abuse reporting
• Leveraging loyalty programs using competitor based targeting
• A Dynamic Model of Entrepreneurial Uncertainty and Business Opportunity Identification: Exploration as a Mediator and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy as a Moderator
• RED-2400: A Public Benchmark of Algorithmically-Rejected Trading Events with Outcome Labels
• Punctuated Generosity
• Promotions and the Peter Principle
• Ethnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of Immigrants--Evidence from a Natural Experiment
• Learning High-dimensional Gaussians from Censored Data
• Effects of Parental Divorce on Mental Health Throughout the Life Course
• Extramarital Affairs, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce: Evidence from Hong Kong
• The insignificant evolution of the richness-mass relation of galaxy clusters
• Regionalism in standards: good or bad for trade?
• Impact of climate change adaptation on food security: evidence from semi-arid lands, Kenya
• Chapter 22 Panel data
• Gender Roles, Work-Life Balance, and Running for Office
• Chapter 40 Classical estimation methods for LDV models using simulation
• Publish or peer-rich? The role of skills and networks in hiring economics professors
• Does corruption affect health outcomes in the Philippines?
• Current-account breaks and stability spells in a global perspective
• Graphical Models for Inference Under Outcome-Dependent Sampling
• Migrants, Ancestors, and Investments
• The impact of charter school attendance on student performance
• Charter Schools and Labor Market Outcomes
• Does Crime Pay? Issue Ownership, Political Opportunity, and the Populist Right in Western Europe
• Intergenerational and Intragenerational Externalities of the Perry Preschool Project
• It takes two to Tango: Households’ response to financial advice and the role of financial literacy
• Gender differences in the adoption of agricultural technology: The case of improved maize varieties in southern Ethiopia
• Impact of carbon emissions on cost of debt-evidence from India
• The Globalization of Liberalization: Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy
• Skills Beget Skills: Evidence from Historical School Reforms Targeting Health and Further Education
• Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay and Its Level for Ecological Compensation of Poyang Lake Wetland, China: A Household-Level Survey
• Counterfactual distributions with sample selection adjustments: Econometric theory and an application to the Netherlands
• Market-procured housework: The demand for domestic servants and female labor supply
• Is Fragmented Financing Bad for Your Health?
• Ownership structure and climate-related corporate reporting
• Do nonphysical punishments reduce antisocial behavior more than spanking? a comparison using the strongest previous causal evidence against spanking
• Two-stage circular-circular regression with zero inflation: Application to medical sciences
• Explaining Variation In The Success Of Extreme Right Parties In Western Europe
• Correcting nonignorable nonresponse bias in turnout estimation using callback data
• Instrumental Variables: An Econometrician's Perspective
• Tied by Vows, Bound by Norms: The Effect of Marriage on Female Labour Force Participation Rate in India
• SEMIPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF QUANTILE REGRESSION WITH BINARY QUANTILE SELECTION
• The impacts of income gaps on migration decisions in China
• Best Practices or Best Guesses? Assessing the Efficacy of Corporate Affirmative Action and Diversity Policies
• Are seed accelerators status springboards for startups? Or sand traps?
• Overthrowing the “Loyalty Norm”
• Deep Integration and Production Networks: An Empirical Analysis
• Assessment of the Impact of Avian Influenza–related Regulatory Policies on Poultry Meat Trade and Welfare
• The ‘underdog’ informal Vietnamese enterprises: R&D, innovation and productivity performances
• Substitutes or complements? Use of trade credit and bank credit by family SMEs
• International Monetary Fund Programs and Tuberculosis Outcomes in Post-Communist Countries
• Military Defection During Localized Protests: The Case of Tataouine
• Strategic Leaders: Determining Successful Presidential Opinion Leadership Tactics Through Public Appeals
• CSR Governance Committee and Carbon Emission Performance: Does Committee Composition Matter?
• Broader or Deeper? Exploring the Most Effective Intervention Profile for Public Small Business Support
• Tobit model [wikipedia]
• Utilization and expenditures of veterans obtaining primary care in community clinics and VA medical centers: an observational cohort study. [europepmc]
• Step-wedge cluster-randomised community-based trials: an application to the study of the impact of community health insurance. [europepmc]
• Marital history, health and mortality among older men and women in England and Wales. [europepmc]
• Time use choices and healthy body weight: a multivariate analysis of data from the American Time Use Survey. [europepmc]
• Fitting a bivariate measurement error model for episodically consumed dietary components. [europepmc]
• Altruism, helping, and volunteering: pathways to well-being in late life. [europepmc]
• Early discontinuation and restart of insulin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. [europepmc]
• The effectiveness of integrative medicine interventions on pain and anxiety in cardiovascular inpatients: a practice-based research evaluation. [europepmc]
• Change in Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Weight Gain: Dallas Heart Study. [europepmc]
• Maternal HIV-1 envelope-specific antibody responses and reduced risk of perinatal transmission. [europepmc]
• Frequency of HIV-testing and factors associated with multiple lifetime HIV-testing among a rural population of Zambian men. [europepmc]
• Psychometric properties of the Positive Mental Health Scale (PMH-scale). [europepmc]
• Age, period and cohort effects on adult physical activity levels from 1991 to 2011 in China. [europepmc]
• Prevalence and correlates of vaccine hesitancy among general practitioners: a cross-sectional telephone survey in France, April to July 2014. [europepmc]
• Food assistance is associated with decreased nursing home admissions for Maryland's dually eligible older adults. [europepmc]
• Sensitivity Analysis for Not-at-Random Missing Data in Trial-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Tutorial. [europepmc]
• Groove in drum patterns as a function of both rhythmic properties and listeners' attitudes. [europepmc]
• Biological embedding of neighborhood disadvantage and collective efficacy: Influences on chronic illness via accelerated cardiometabolic age. [europepmc]
• Paternity Leave-Taking and Father Engagement. [europepmc]
• How to Measure Behavioral Spillovers: A Methodological Review and Checklist. [europepmc]
• Fathers' Paternity Leave-Taking and Children's Perceptions of Father-Child Relationships in the United States. [europepmc]
• Do Quarantine Experiences and Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Affect the Distribution of Mental Health in China? A Quantile Regression Analysis. [europepmc]
• Healthcare-Seeking Behavior among Chinese Older Adults: Patterns and Predictive Factors. [europepmc]
• Impact of Internet Use on Mental Health among Elderly Individuals: A Difference-in-Differences Study Based on 2016-2018 CFPS Data. [europepmc]
• Post-COVID-19 travel behaviour patterns: impact on the willingness to pay of users of public transport and shared mobility services in Spain. [europepmc]

Related

• Instrumental Variables with Treatment-Induced Selection: Exact Bias Results
• Accounting for selection biases in population analyses: equivalence of the in-likelihood and post-processing approaches
• Assessing Selection Bias in Regression Coefficients Estimated from Non-Probability Samples, with Applications to Genetics and Demographic Surveys
• Demystifying the Bias from Selective Inference: a Revisit to Dawid's Treatment Selection Problem
• Estimating the False Discovery Rate of Variable Selection