Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
1995/12/01 by Ronald C. Kessler · 95 citations
Psychology · #Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research #Child Abuse and Trauma #Migration, Health and Trauma
paper · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Data were obtained on the general population epidemiology of DSM-III-R posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including information on estimated life-time prevalence, the kinds of traumas most often associated with PTSD, sociodemographic correlates, the comorbidity of PTSD with other lifetime psychiatric disorders, and the duration of an index episode. METHODS: Modified versions of the DSM-III-R PTSD module from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview were administered to a representative national sample of 5877 persons aged 15 to 54 years in the part II subsample of the National Comorbidity Survey. RESULTS: The estimated lifetime prevalence of PTSD is 7.8%. Prevalence is elevated among women and the previously married. The traumas most commonly associated with PTSD are combat exposure and witnessing among men and rape and sexual molestation among women. Posttraumatic stress disorder is strongly comorbid with other lifetime DSM-III-R disorders. Survival analysis shows that more than one third of people with an index episode of PTSD fail to recover even after many years. CONCLUSIONS: Posttraumatic stress disorder is more prevalent than previously believed, and is often persistent. Progress in estimating age-at-onset distributions, cohort effects, and the conditional probabilities of PTSD from different types of trauma will require future epidemiologic studies to assess PTSD for all lifetime traumas rather than for only a small number of retrospectively reported "most serious" traumas.
Cited by
- The Structure of Common Mental Disorders
- Internalizing and Externalizing Subtypes in Female Sexual Assault Survivors: Implications for the Understanding of Complex PTSD
- Mechanisms of Sex Differences in Fear and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
- Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults
- Trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric disorders in a middle-income setting: prevalence and comorbidity
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: Investigating the Role of Overlapping Symptoms in Diagnostic Comorbidity
- Developmental trajectories, heterogeneous subgroups, and predictors of subgroup membership of PTSD among healthcare workers: An 18-month longitudinal study
- Different frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A systematic review and meta-analysis
- A latent class analysis of PTSD symptoms among inner city primary care patients
- An Investigation of Depression, Trauma History, and Symptom Severity in Individuals Enrolled in a Treatment Trial for Chronic PTSD
- Hope, optimism, self‐efficacy, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta‐analytic review of the protective effects of positive expectancies
- Civil War, Reintegration, and Gender in Northern Uganda
- Traumatic Stress and Suicidal Ideation in Norwegian Male Peacekeepers
- The Relationship of Attribution of Responsibility to Acute Stress Disorder Among Hospitalized Burn Patients
- Physical Exercise as Treatment for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- Physical and Mental Comorbidity, Disability, and Suicidal Behavior Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Large Community Sample
- Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults
- Sexual Assault in Women Veterans: An Examination of PTSD Risk, Health Care Utilization, and Cost of Care
- Child Development in the Context of Disaster, War, and Terrorism: Pathways of Risk and Resilience
- Sex differences in stress-related psychiatric disorders: Neurobiological perspectives
- Post-traumatic stress disorder prevalence and sleep quality in fire victims and rescue workers in southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study
- Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives
- Drug Abuse and Partner Violence among Women in Methadone Treatment
- A comparison of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy to non-assisted psychotherapy in treatment-resistant PTSD: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Mental Health Consequences of Disasters
- Violence, psychological trauma, and risk attitudes: Evidence from victims of violence in Colombia
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Exploratory Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Double-Blind and Sham-Controlled Trials
- Perceived support from healthcare professionals, shock anxiety and post‐traumatic stress in implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients
- Trauma: A Unifying Concept for Social Work
- Intimate Partner Violence as a Risk Factor for Mental Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
- The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI): Development and validation.
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the US Veteran Population
- Early life stress paired with adolescent alcohol consumption reduces two‐bottle choice alcohol consumption in mice
- Dreaming in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Critical Review of Phenomenology, Psychophysiology and Treatment
- Stabilizing Group Treatment for Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Child Abuse Based on Psychoeducation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial
- The influence of traumatic brain injury on acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents
- Stressful life events exhibit complex patterns of associations with depressive symptoms in two population-based samples using network analysis
- Gender Differences in Suicide and Self-Directed Violence Risk Among Veterans With Post-traumatic Stress and Substance Use Disorders
- Yoga as an Adjunctive Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Torri extraurbane a difesa di mulini nel Piemonte medievale
- The enduring mental health impact of mass violence: A community comparison study of Cambodian civilians living in Cambodia and Thailand
- Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen in Deutschland
- Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated Psychological Problems
- “Dwelling in the Past”: The Role of Rumination in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Working in the Field of Complex Psychological Trauma: A Framework for Personal and Professional Growth, Training, and Supervision
- Early life stress and altered social behaviors: A perspective across species
- Disentangling sex differences in PTSD risk factors
- Sex-dependent differences in vulnerability to early risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: results from the AURORA study
- The Natural Dye Garden: Growth and Recovery from Sexual Violence Through Gardening and Craft
- MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study
- Adolescent stress avoidance influences cue-induced heroin seeking and chaperonin gene expression in the dorsal striatum of adult female rats
- Astrocytes and Interleukin‐1β in the Dorsal Hippocampus Contribute to Enhanced Fear Learning Following Ethanol and Stress
- Key Steps in Developing a Cognitive Vaccine against Traumatic Flashbacks: Visuospatial Tetris versus Verbal Pub Quiz
- The Growth of Incarceration in the United States
- Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Therapeutic and Preventive Effect of Voluntary Running Wheel Exercise on Social Defeat Stress (SDS)-induced Depressive-like Behavior and Chronic Pain in Mice
- Hippocampal and amygdala volumes vary with transdiagnostic psychopathological dimensions of distress, anxious arousal, and trauma
- The Impact of Detention on the Health of Asylum Seekers
- Barriers to self-compassion for female survivors of childhood maltreatment: The roles of fear of self-compassion and psychological inflexibility
- Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid.
- Attention deficits as a key player in the symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A review
- Development and validation of a brief self-report measure of trauma exposure: The Trauma History Screen.
- Determinants of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, in the general population
- Nightmare frequency and psychopathological problems in a large sample of Chinese adolescents
- Psychiatric Co-Morbidities in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Detailed Findings from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey in the English Population
- Neuroimmunology and neuroepigenetics in the establishment of sex differences in the brain
- Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD
- The reciprocal relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and alcohol use in a large multisite longitudinal sample stratified by sex: A random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel model
- Guided, internet based, cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial (RAPID)
- Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. [europepmc]
- Childhood trauma associated with smaller hippocampal volume in women with major depression. [europepmc]
- SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. [europepmc]
- The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. [europepmc]
- Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. [europepmc]
- Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. [europepmc]
- Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. [europepmc]
- The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. [europepmc]
- Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. [europepmc]
- Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults. [europepmc]
- Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. [europepmc]
- Prevalence and Axis I comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. [europepmc]
- Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. [europepmc]
- Control of sleep and wakefulness. [europepmc]
- Neurobiology of resilience. [europepmc]
- Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in a national sample of adolescents. [europepmc]
- Sex differences in stress-related psychiatric disorders: neurobiological perspectives. [europepmc]
- Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives. [europepmc]
- Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. [europepmc]
- Overshadowed by the amygdala: the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis emerges as key to psychiatric disorders. [europepmc]
- Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys. [europepmc]
- A Comprehensive Overview on Stress Neurobiology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Implications. [europepmc]
- Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated Psychological Problems. [europepmc]
- The prevalence of mental illness in refugees and asylum seekers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [europepmc]
- MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. [europepmc]
Related