Stochastic thermodynamics, fluctuation theorems and molecular machines
2012/05/18 by Udo Seifert · 3,346 citations
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Chemistry · Physics and Astronomy · #Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics #Detailed balance #Dissipation #Entropy (arrow of time) #Entropy production #Fluctuation theorem #Isothermal process #Laws of thermodynamics #Molecular motor #Nanotechnology #Non-equilibrium thermodynamics #Physics #Quantum #Quantum Electrodynamics and Casimir Effect #Quantum mechanics #Quantum thermodynamics #Second law of thermodynamics #Statistical physics #Thermodynamics #Work (physics) #cond-mat.soft #cond-mat.stat-mech #q-bio.BM #thermodynamics and calorimetric analyses
paper · pdf · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/75/12/126001
published in Reports on Progress in Physics 75(12), 126001 (IOP Publishing) · 105 pages, review, submitted to Reports on Progress in Physics
arxiv created 2012/05/18 · openalex publication_date 2012/11/20 · arxiv updated 2015/06/05 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
Abstract
Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy production to the level of individual trajectories of well-defined non-equilibrium ensembles. It applies whenever a non-equilibrium process is still coupled to one (or several) heat bath(s) of constant temperature. Paradigmatic systems are single colloidal particles in time-dependent laser traps, polymers in external flow, enzymes and molecular motors in single molecule assays, small biochemical networks and thermoelectric devices involving single electron transport. For such systems, a first-law like energy balance can be identified along fluctuating trajectories. For a basic Markovian dynamics implemented either on the continuum level with Langevin equations or on a discrete set of states as a master equation, thermodynamic consistency imposes a local-detailed balance constraint on noise and rates, respectively. Various integral and detailed fluctuation theorems, which are derived here in a unifying approach from one master theorem, constrain the probability distributions for work, heat and entropy production depending on the nature of the system and the choice of non-equilibrium conditions. For non-equilibrium steady states, particularly strong results hold like a generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem involving entropy production. Ramifications and applications of these concepts include optimal driving between specified states in finite time, the role of measurement-based feedback processes and the relation between dissipation and irreversibility. Efficiency and, in particular, efficiency at maximum power can be discussed systematically beyond the linear response regime for two classes of molecular machines, isothermal ones such as molecular motors, and heat engines such as thermoelectric devices, using a common framework based on a cycle decomposition of entropy production.
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