Parenting style as context: An integrative model.
1993/05/01 by Nancy Darling, Laurence Steinberg · 4,289 citations
Psychology · Social Sciences · #Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development #Cognitive psychology #Context (archaeology) #Developmental psychology #Early Childhood Education and Development #Geography #Parental Involvement in Education #Psychology #Social psychology #Style (visual arts)
paper · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
published in Psychological Bulletin 113(3), 487-496 (American Psychological Association)
openalex publication_date 1993/05/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
Abstract
Despite broad consensus about the effects of parenting practices on child development, many questions about the construct parenting style remain unanswered. Particularly pressing issues are the variability in the effects of parenting style as a function of the child's cultural background, the processes through which parenting style influences the child's development, and the operational-ization of parenting style. Drawing on historical review, the authors present a model that integrates two traditions in socialization research, the study of specific parenting practices and the study of global parent characteristics. They propose that parenting style is best conceptualized as a context that moderates the influence of specific parenting practices on the child. It is argued that only by maintaining the distinction between parenting style and parenting practice can researchers address questions concerning socialization processes. During the past 25 years, research based on Baumrind's con-ceptualization of parenting style has produced a remarkably consistent picture of the type of parenting conducive to the successful socialization of children into the dominant culture of the United States. Authoritativeness—a constellation of par-
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