Conservation of Isotopic Spin and Isotopic Gauge Invariance
1954/10/01 by C. N. Yang, Chongming Yang, R Mills +1 · 3,223 citations
Engineering · Mathematics · Physics and Astronomy · #Astro and Planetary Science #Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research #Charge (physics) #Charge conservation #Electric field #Electromagnetic field #Field (mathematics) #Gauge theory #Introduction to gauge theory #Invariance principle #Mathematics #Physics #Quantum electrodynamics #Quantum mechanics #Spin (aerodynamics) #Superconducting Materials and Applications
paper · pdf · doi:10.1103/physrev.96.191
published in Physical Review 96(1), 191-195 (American Institute of Physics)
openalex publication_date 1954/10/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31
Abstract
It is pointed out that the usual principle of invariance under isotopic spin rotation is not consistant with the concept of localized fields. The possibility is explored of having invariance under local isotopic spin rotations. This leads to formulating a principle of isotopic gauge invariance and the existence of a b field which has the same relation to the isotopic spin that the electromagnetic field has to the electric charge. The b field satisfies nonlinear differential equations. The quanta of the b field are particles with spin unity, isotopic spin unity, and electric charge \ifmmode±\else\textpm\fie or zero.
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