Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis
1984/09/01 by Rajiv D. Banker, R. D. Banker, A. Charnes +1 · 16,679 citations
Decision Sciences · Economics, Econometrics and Finance · Engineering · Mathematics · #Algorithm #Computer science #Constant (computer programming) #Data envelopment analysis #Economic Growth and Productivity #Economics #Efficiency Analysis Using DEA #Linear programming #Mathematical optimization #Mathematics #Operations research #Optimization and Mathematical Programming #Production (economics) #Returns to scale #Scale (ratio) #Variable (mathematics)
paper · doi:10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078
published in Management Science 30(9), 1078-1092 (Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences)
openalex publication_date 1984/09/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06
Abstract
In management contexts, mathematical programming is usually used to evaluate a collection of possible alternative courses of action en route to selecting one which is best. In this capacity, mathematical programming serves as a planning aid to management. Data Envelopment Analysis reverses this role and employs mathematical programming to obtain ex post facto evaluations of the relative efficiency of management accomplishments, however they may have been planned or executed. Mathematical programming is thereby extended for use as a tool for control and evaluation of past accomplishments as well as a tool to aid in planning future activities. The CCR ratio form introduced by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes, as part of their Data Envelopment Analysis approach, comprehends both technical and scale inefficiencies via the optimal value of the ratio form, as obtained directly from the data without requiring a priori specification of weights and/or explicit delineation of assumed functional forms of relations between inputs and outputs. A separation into technical and scale efficiencies is accomplished by the methods developed in this paper without altering the latter conditions for use of DEA directly on observational data. Technical inefficiencies are identified with failures to achieve best possible output levels and/or usage of excessive amounts of inputs. Methods for identifying and correcting the magnitudes of these inefficiencies, as supplied in prior work, are illustrated. In the present paper, a new separate variable is introduced which makes it possible to determine whether operations were conducted in regions of increasing, constant or decreasing returns to scale (in multiple input and multiple output situations). The results are discussed and related not only to classical (single output) economics but also to more modern versions of economics which are identified with “contestable market theories.”
Cited by
- Measuring Eco-Inefficiency: A New Frontier Approach
- ENVIRONMENTALLY ADJUSTED ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL EFFICIENCY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF FRONTIER APPROACHES
- On the suitability of ratio variables in data envelopment analysis: An application to education with methodological extensions
- Country-level innovation performance: introducing sustainable innovation efficiency
- A Hybrid Cost Efficiency Model under Fixed and Non-Fixed Prices: A Case Study on the Polish Justice Courts
- Structure and temporal evolution of transportation literature
- Negative data in DEA: a directional distance approach applied to bank branches
- Directional Congestion in Data Envelopment Analysis
- Estimating Returns to Training in the Knowledge Economy: A Firm-Level Analysis of Small and Medium Enterprises1
- Measuring and explaining government efficiency in developing countries
- Nursing home care in The Netherlands: a nonparametric efficiency analysis
- The effect of carbon emission trading scheme on energy efficiency: Evidence from China
- A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis
- Measurement and Regional Disparities of Pig Farming Efficiency Under Different Production Scales: Evidence From China
- Fifty years of Data Envelopment Analysis
- A multi-sectoral framework for assessing water use efficiency and its drivers: insights from China
- Revisiting the determinants of local government performance
- Assessing sustainability of supply chains by double frontier network DEA: A big data approach
- Measuring the performance of nations at the Olympic Games using DEA models with different preferences
- Stochastic non-smooth envelopment of data for multi-dimensional output
- Efficiency drivers of international airports: A worldwide benchmarking study
- Efficiency analysis of Norwegian district courts
- Accounting for Environmental Effects and Statistical Noise in Data Envelopment Analysis
- Integrating soil natural capital into agricultural total factor productivity analysis
- Environmental efficiency measurement and the materials balance condition
- On FDH efficiency analysis: Some methodological issues and applications to retail banking, courts, and urban transit
- An Efficiency Comparison of European Banking Systems Operating under Different Environmental Conditions
- Some models and measures for evaluating performances with DEA: past accomplishments and future prospects
- Estimating DEA technical and allocative inefficiency using aggregate cost or revenue data
- The effect of foreign ownership on SMEs performance: An efficiency analysis perspective
- Environmental efficiency measurement when producers control pollutants under heterogeneous conditions: a generalization of the materials balance approach
- Efficiency measurement for network systems: IT impact on firm performance
- An improved game cross-efficiency approach with dual-role factors for measuring the efficiency of Chinese “985 project” universities
- The inefficiency of courts of justice: industry structure, capacity and misallocation
- Evaluating the higher education productivity of Chinese and European “elite” universities using a meta-frontier approach
- Digital Economy, Industrial Structure Optimization, and Agricultural Green Development Efficiency: A Double Machine Learning Causal Analysis
- A new approach for measuring productivity gaps across groups: an application with historic footballers from FC Barcelona and Real Madrid
- The measurement and decomposition of productivity change with environmental variables: a conditional nonparametric frontier analysis approach
- Recent Graduates in the Labor Market: The Efficiency Frontier of Higher Education Institutions
- Navigating the COVID-19 crisis: the financial resilience of Victorian local government
- Regional heterogeneity of China's energy efficiency in “new normal”: A meta-frontier Super-SBM analysis
- Data Envelopment Analysis Model for the Appraisal and Relative Performance Evaluation of Nurses at an Intensive Care Unit
- A linear programming based approach for determining maximal closest reference set in DEA
- Data envelopment analysis application in sustainability: The origins, development and future directions
- Decomposing the efficient frontier of the DEA production possibility set into a smallest number of convex polyhedrons by mixed integer programming
- Accounting for animal health in efficiency analysis: An application to Swedish dairy farms
- Análisis de eficiencia productiva: Una comparación interdepartamental entre Facultades de la Universidad de Atacama
- Joint Variable Selection for Data Envelopement Analysis via Group Sparsity
- Analyzing the concept of super-efficiency in data envelopment analysis: A directional distance function approach
- European Countries: Does common legislation guarantee better hazardous waste performance for European Union member states?
- Beyond efficiency: Quality of Government and eco-productivity convergence in the EU
- An empirical analysis of the performance of Vietnamese higher education institutions
- Alternative ranking method in Dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis (DDEA)
- Environmental performance evaluation: A state-level DEA analysis
- Analysis of the impact of university policies on society's environmental perception
- Conventional and Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis with deaR
- A Spatial Composite Indicator for Human and Ecosystem Well-Being in the Italian Urban Areas
- Operational efficiency and service quality of Indian electricity distribution utilities: A three-stage DEA and Malmquist Index analysis
- Agricultural technology extension reform and productivity growth: Evidence from rural China
- Measurement of returns to scale in DEA using the CCR model
- Evaluating decision making units under uncertainty using fuzzy multi-objective nonlinear programming
- Strategies to control corruption in economic development: The role of government spending and public satisfaction
- Investigating the interconnection between financial performance and eco-efficiency in British universities: a roadmap towards sustainable higher education
- Are listed banks only pretending to be more social?
- A statistical framework for estimating output-specific efficiencies
- Benchmarking airports from a managerial perspective
- DEA and ranking with the network-based approach: a case of R&D performance
- A Nerlovian cost inefficiency two-stage DEA model for modeling banks’ production process: Evidence from the Turkish banking system
- Estimation of portfolio efficiency via DEA
- Portfolio analysis with DEA: Prior to choosing a model
- The impact of macroeconomic and regulatory factors on bank efficiency: A non-parametric analysis of Hong Kong’s banking system
- NEW ZEALAND CREDIT UNION MERGERS
- Evaluating the Performance of the Suppliers Using Hybrid DEA-OPA Model: A Sustainable Development Perspective
- Comparative Analysis of Efficiency for Major Northeast Asia Airports
- How does governmental versus private venture capital backing affect a firm's efficiency? Evidence from Belgium
- Efficiency in education
- A scale elasticity measure for directional distance function and its dual: Theory and DEA estimation
- Scale efficiency and homotheticity: equivalence of primal and dual measures
- On constant elasticity of substitution – Constant elasticity of transformation Directional Distance Functions
- Assignment at the Frontier: Identifying the Frontier Structural Function and Bounding Mean Deviations
- ICT and Health System Performance in Africa: A Multi-Method Approach
- Application of DEA in International Market Selection for the export of products from Spain
- Public Health Spending Efficiency in Sub‐Saharan African Countries: How to Deal With Public Debt and Fiscal Deficit?
- Universal efficiency scores in data envelopment analysis based on a robust approach
- What drives efficiency of insurance companies in Western Balkan countries?
- Economic and environmental benefits of improving production efficiency in eco-feed plants: A case study from Japan
- Eco-efficiency as a Catalyst for Citizen Co-production: Evidence from Chinese Cities
- Environmental management practices and environmental performance
- Assessment of productivity of hospitals in Botswana: a DEA application. [europepmc]
- Changes in hospital efficiency after privatization. [europepmc]
- Efficiency of primary care in rural Burkina Faso. A two-stage DEA analysis. [europepmc]
- Technical and scale efficiency of public community hospitals in Eritrea: an exploratory study. [europepmc]
- Technical efficiency and productivity of Chinese county hospitals: an exploratory study in Henan province, China. [europepmc]
- Efficiency and productivity measurement of rural township hospitals in China: a bootstrapping data envelopment analysis. [europepmc]
- The application of DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) window analysis in the assessment of influence on operational efficiencies after the establishment of branched hospitals. [europepmc]
- Technical efficiency of selected hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. [europepmc]
- Healthcare efficiency assessment using DEA analysis in the Slovak Republic. [europepmc]
- Measuring the efficiency of Palestinian public hospitals during 2010-2015: an application of a two-stage DEA method. [europepmc]
- A decision support system for assessing management interventions in a mental health ecosystem: The case of Bizkaia (Basque Country, Spain). [europepmc]
- Measuring the efficiency of health systems in Asia: a data envelopment analysis. [europepmc]
- Health expenditure efficiency in rural China using the super-SBM model and the Malmquist productivity index. [europepmc]
- Technical efficiency of public district hospitals in Bangladesh: a data envelopment analysis. [europepmc]
- Technical Efficiency of Public and Private Hospitals in Beijing, China: A Comparative Study. [europepmc]
- Efficiency evaluation of public hospitals in Saudi Arabia: an application of data envelopment analysis. [europepmc]
- Efficiency of health resource utilisation in primary-level maternal and child health hospitals in Shanxi Province, China: a bootstrapping data envelopment analysis and truncated regression approach. [europepmc]
- The Efficiency of Primary Health Care Institutions in the Counties of Hunan Province, China: Data from 2009 to 2017. [europepmc]
- Environmental Regulation, Tenure Length of Officials, and Green Innovation of Enterprises. [europepmc]
- Is the allocation of medical and health resources effective? Characteristic facts from regional heterogeneity in China. [europepmc]
- Regional Differences and Influencing Factors of Allocation Efficiency of Rural Public Health Resources in China. [europepmc]
- Patient and health provider costs of integrated HIV, diabetes and hypertension ambulatory health services in low-income settings - an empirical socio-economic cohort study in Tanzania and Uganda. [europepmc]
- Health system efficiency in OECD countries: dynamic network DEA approach. [europepmc]
- Efficiency and Productivity of Public Hospitals in Serbia Using DEA-Malmquist Model and Tobit Regression Model, 2015-2019. [europepmc]
- COVID-19 and the efficiency of health systems in Europe. [europepmc]
Related