An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV

2016/03/24 by The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group · 9,660 citations
Agricultural and Biological Sciences · #Biology #Botany #Circumscription #Clade #Evolutionary biology #Genetics #Monophyly #Phylogenetics #Plant Diversity and Evolution #Plant Parasitism and Resistance #Plant and animal studies #Zoology

paper · pdf · doi:10.1111/boj.12385

published in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1), 1-20 (Oxford University Press)

openalex publication_date 2016/03/24 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06

Abstract

© 2016 The Linnean Society of London. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of the orders and families of angiosperms is presented. Several new orders are recognized: Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusiales and Vahliales. This brings the total number of orders and families recognized in the APG system to 64 and 416, respectively. We propose two additional informal major clades, superrosids and superasterids, that each comprise the additional orders that are included in the larger clades dominated by the rosids and asterids. Families that made up potentially monofamilial orders, Dasypogonaceae and Sabiaceae, are instead referred to Arecales and Proteales, respectively. Two parasitic families formerly of uncertain positions are now placed: Cynomoriaceae in Saxifragales and Apodanthaceae in Cucurbitales. Although there is evidence that some families recognized in APG III are not monophyletic, we make no changes in Dioscoreales and Santalales relative to APG III and leave some genera in Lamiales unplaced (e.g. Peltanthera). These changes in familial circumscription and recognition have all resulted from new results published since APG III, except for some changes simply due to nomenclatural issues, which include substituting Asphodelaceae for Xanthorrhoeaceae (Asparagales) and Francoaceae for Melianthaceae (Geraniales); however, in Francoaceae we also include Bersamaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Rhynchothecaceae and Vivianiaceae. Other changes to family limits are not drastic or numerous and are mostly focused on some members of the lamiids, especially the former Icacinaceae that have long been problematic with several genera moved to the formerly monogeneric Metteniusaceae, but minor changes in circumscription include Aristolochiaceae (now including Lactoridaceae and Hydnoraceae; Aristolochiales), Maundiaceae (removed from Juncaginaceae; Alismatales), Restionaceae (now re-including Anarthriaceae and Centrolepidaceae; Poales), Buxaceae (now including Haptanthaceae; Buxales), Peraceae (split from Euphorbiaceae; Malpighiales), recognition of Petenaeaceae (Huerteales), Kewaceae, Limeaceae, Macarthuriaceae and Microteaceae (all Caryophyllales), Petiveriaceae split from Phytolaccaceae (Caryophyllales), changes to the generic composition of Ixonanthaceae and Irvingiaceae (with transfer of Allantospermum from the former to the latter; Malpighiales), transfer of Pakaraimaea (formerly Dipterocarpaceae) to Cistaceae (Malvales), transfer of Borthwickia, Forchhammeria, Stixis and Tirania (formerly all Capparaceae) to Resedaceae (Brassicales), Nyssaceae split from Cornaceae (Cornales), Pteleocarpa moved to Gelsemiaceae (Gentianales), changes to the generic composition of Gesneriaceae (Sanango moved from Loganiaceae) and Orobanchaceae (now including Lindenbergiaceae and Rehmanniaceae) and recognition of Mazaceae distinct from Phrymaceae (all Lamiales).

Citations

• CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON PHYLOGENIES: AN APPROACH USING THE BOOTSTRAP
• Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution
• An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II
• An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III

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• Phylogenomics and historical biogeography of the monocot order Liliales: out of Australia and through Antarctica
• Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci:matK,rbcL,atpBandatpF-H
• A new angiosperm from the Crato Formation (Araripe Basin, Brazil) and comments on the Early Cretaceous Monocotyledons
• Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life
• Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms
• Phylogeny and Delimitation of the Celastrales Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid Genes
• Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests
• Widespread ancient whole‐genome duplications in Malpighiales coincide with Eocene global climatic upheaval
• Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times
• Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms
• Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms
• Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics
• Taxonomy and Biogeography of Apomixis in Angiosperms and Associated Biodiversity Characteristics
• Evolutionary History of Poales
• Fallacies and false premises—a critical assessment of the arguments for the recognition of paraphyletic taxa in botany
• Multi-gene analysis provides a well-supported phylogeny of Rosales
• Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in the Context of Geological Times and Genome Duplication
• Phylogeny of the Rosidae: A dense taxon sampling analysis
• Further disintegration of Scrophulariaceae
• Global monocot diversification: geography explains variation in species richness better than environment or biology
• Repeated evolution of net venation and fleshy fruits among monocots in shaded habitats confirms a priori predictions: evidence from an ndhF phylogeny
• A community‐derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns
• PPG recognises too many fern genera
• Trends and concepts in fern classification
• Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae
• Phylogeny, Age, and Evolution of Tribe Lilieae (Liliaceae) Based on Whole Plastid Genomes
• Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria
• Enset in Ethiopia: a poorly characterized but resilient starch staple
• The Cleistogamous Breeding System: A Review of Its Frequency, Evolution, and Ecology in Angiosperms
• Preliminary investigation of a diverse megafossil floral assemblage from the middle Miocene of southern Mississippi, USA
• Taxonomic revision of the genus Smilax (Smilacaceae) in Central America and the Caribbean Islands
• The Genome of a Southern Hemisphere Seagrass Species (Zostera muelleri)
• The Cell Wall of Seagrasses: Fascinating, Peculiar and a Blank Canvas for Future Research
• Paleoactaea gen. nov. (Ranunculaceae) fruits from the Paleogene of North Dakota and the London Clay
• The relationship between nectaries and floral architecture: a case study in Geraniaceae and Hypseocharitaceae
• Geraniales flowers revisited: evolutionary trends in floral nectaries
• Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of Geraniaceae in Relation to Climate Changes and Pollination Ecology
• Angiosperm Phylogeny: A Framework for Studies of Genome Evolution
• Molecular phylogeny of the Acre clade (Crassulaceae): Dealing with the lack of definitions for Echeveria and Sedum
• Another Look at the Root of the Angiosperms Reveals a Familiar Tale
• Chloroplast Genomes and Comparative Analyses among Thirteen Taxa within Myrsinaceae s.str. Clade (Myrsinoideae, Primulaceae)
• An Anatomical Study of Scilla (Scilloideae) Section Chionodoxa and Scilla bifolia in Turkey1
• New combinations and lectotype designations in Asparagaceae subfam. Scilloideae
• Comparative infructescence morphology in Liquidambar (Altingiaceae) and its evolutionary significance
• Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections
• Complex Biogeographic Patterns in Androsace (Primulaceae) and Related Genera: Evidence from Phylogenetic Analyses of Nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer and Plastid trnL-F Sequences
• Phylogeny and biogeography of Allium (Amaryllidaceae: Allieae) based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast rps16 sequences, focusing on the inclusion of species endemic to China
• The Coral of Life
• Host size and abundance of hemiepiphytes in a subtropical stand of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
• Molecular phylogenetic relationships and implications for the circumscription of Colchicaceae (Liliales)
• Recircumscription of the monocotyledonous family Petrosaviaceae to include Japonolirion
• Evolution of dimery, pentamery and the monocarpellary condition in the monocot family Stemonaceae (Pandanales)
• Morphological Phylogenetic Analysis of Pandanales: Testing Contrasting Hypotheses of Floral Evolution
• Colchicine is still a chemical marker for the expanded Colchicaceae
• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) in jeopardy – Where have the flowers gone?
• Secondary Forests on Anthropogenic Soils of the Middle Madeira River: Valuation, Local Knowledge, and Landscape Domestication in Brazilian Amazonia
• Stop the Abuse of Time! Strict Temporal Banding is not the Future of Rank-Based Classifications in Fungi (Including Lichens) and Other Organisms
• Phylogeny, divergence times, and historical biogeography of the angiosperm family Saxifragaceae
• Taxonomic turmoil down-under: recent developments in Australian orchid systematics
• Inventario florístico del Área Natural Protegida Parque Estatal El Texcal, Jiutepec, Morelos, México F
• Molecular Evolution of Plastid Genomes in Parasitic Flowering Plants
• Why does biparental plastid inheritance revive in angiosperms?
• Resolving basal lamiid phylogeny and the circumscription of Icacinaceae with a plastome‐scale data set
• Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L.
• OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes
• Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data
• A synopsis of Neotropical Dichapetalaceae
• Biogeochemical evidence for the presence of the angiosperm molecular fossil oleanane in Paleozoic and Mesozoic non-angiospermous fossils
• Placing Biebersteiniaceae, a herbaceous clade of Sapindales, in a temporal and geographic context
• Fossil nothofagaceous leaves from the Eocene of western Antarctica and their bearing on the origin, dispersal and systematics of Nothofagus
• Molecular dating of the ‘Gondwanan’ plant family Proteaceae is only partially congruent with the timing of the break‐up of Gondwana
• Molecular phylogenetic analysis ofTulipa(Liliaceae) based on noncoding plastid and nuclear DNA sequences with an emphasis on Turkey
• Acorus [wikipedia]
• Alismatales [wikipedia]
• Amborella [wikipedia]
• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [wikipedia]
• Arecales [wikipedia]
• Asparagales [wikipedia]
• Asphodeloideae [wikipedia]
• Asterids [wikipedia]
• August Batsch [wikipedia]
• Boraginales [wikipedia]
• Burmanniaceae [wikipedia]
• Commelinales [wikipedia]
• Commelinids [wikipedia]
• Contortae [wikipedia]
• Crassulaceae [wikipedia]
• Dioscoreales [wikipedia]
• Dracaena (plant) [wikipedia]
• Eudicots [wikipedia]
• Flowering plant [wikipedia]
• Geraniaceae [wikipedia]
• Geraniales [wikipedia]
• Haemodoraceae [wikipedia]
• Haloragaceae [wikipedia]
• Hamamelidaceae [wikipedia]
• Juncaginaceae [wikipedia]
• Lamiales [wikipedia]
• Liliales [wikipedia]
• List of basal eudicot families [wikipedia]
• Malpighiales [wikipedia]
• Mesangiospermae [wikipedia]
• Monocotyledon [wikipedia]
• Nerine [wikipedia]
• Peridiscaceae [wikipedia]
• Petrosaviaceae [wikipedia]
• Primulaceae [wikipedia]
• Ranunculaceae [wikipedia]
• Ranunculales [wikipedia]
• Ribes [wikipedia]
• Saxifragaceae [wikipedia]
• Saxifragales [wikipedia]
• Scilla [wikipedia]
• Seagrass [wikipedia]
• Sympetalae [wikipedia]
• Tacca [wikipedia]
• Theophrastoideae [wikipedia]
• Violaceae [wikipedia]
• Violales [wikipedia]
• Walter Stephen Judd [wikipedia]
• Zingiberales [wikipedia]
• Revisiting phylogenetic signal; strong or negligible impacts of polytomies and branch length information? [europepmc]
• Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences and Comparative Analysis of Chenopodium quinoa and C. album . [europepmc]
• The Kalanchoë genome provides insights into convergent evolution and building blocks of crassulacean acid metabolism. [europepmc]
• Stout camphor tree genome fills gaps in understanding of flowering plant genome evolution. [europepmc]
• Evolutionary analyses of NIN-like proteins in plants and their roles in nitrate signaling. [europepmc]
• The chromosome-scale reference genome of black pepper provides insight into piperine biosynthesis. [europepmc]
• Factors Affecting Targeted Sequencing of 353 Nuclear Genes From Herbarium Specimens Spanning the Diversity of Angiosperms. [europepmc]
• Tackling Rapid Radiations With Targeted Sequencing. [europepmc]
• Origin, Diversity, and Evolution of Telomere Sequences in Plants. [europepmc]
• Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae flos: a systematic review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. [europepmc]
• The Litsea genome and the evolution of the laurel family. [europepmc]
• Unraveling Plant Natural Chemical Diversity for Drug Discovery Purposes. [europepmc]
• Chromosome-level genome assembly of a parent species of widely cultivated azaleas. [europepmc]
• An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics. [europepmc]
• Analysis of the Coptis chinensis genome reveals the diversification of protoberberine-type alkaloids. [europepmc]
• Whole-genome microsynteny-based phylogeny of angiosperms. [europepmc]
• A chromosome-level Camptotheca acuminata genome assembly provides insights into the evolutionary origin of camptothecin biosynthesis. [europepmc]
• The Welwitschia genome reveals a unique biology underpinning extreme longevity in deserts. [europepmc]
• The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity. [europepmc]
• Insights into angiosperm evolution, floral development and chemical biosynthesis from the Aristolochia fimbriata genome. [europepmc]
• Plastid phylogenomic insights into relationships of all flowering plant families. [europepmc]
• Deciphering the Multi-Chromosomal Mitochondrial Genome of Populus simonii . [europepmc]
• Kaempferol: Antimicrobial Properties, Sources, Clinical, and Traditional Applications. [europepmc]
• Analyses of a chromosome-scale genome assembly reveal the origin and evolution of cultivated chrysanthemum. [europepmc]
• Phylogenomics and the rise of the angiosperms. [europepmc]

Related

• An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
• The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III
• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) in jeopardy – Where have the flowers gone?
• Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa
• APG III: Bibliographical Information and Synonymy of Magnoliidae