Refining the theory of basic individual values.
2012/07/23 by Shalom H. Schwartz, Jan Cieciuch, Michele Vecchione +12 · 2,576 citations
Mathematics · Psychology · Social Sciences · #Cognitive psychology #Confirmatory factor analysis #Cultural Differences and Values #Epistemology #Explanatory power #Heuristic #Mathematics #Multidimensional scaling #Predictive power #Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction #Psychology #Social and Intergroup Psychology #Social psychology #Statistics #Structural equation modeling #Value (mathematics)
paper · doi:10.1037/a0029393
published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103(4), 663-688 (American Psychological Association)
openalex publication_date 2012/07/23 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
Abstract
We propose a refined theory of basic individual values intended to provide greater heuristic and explanatory power than the original theory of 10 values (Schwartz, 1992). The refined theory more accurately expresses the central assumption of the original theory that research has largely ignored: Values form a circular motivational continuum. The theory defines and orders 19 values on the continuum based on their compatible and conflicting motivations, expression of self-protection versus growth, and personal versus social focus. We assess the theory with a new instrument in 15 samples from 10 countries (N = 6,059). Confirmatory factor and multidimensional scaling analyses support discrimination of the 19 values, confirming the refined theory. Multidimensional scaling analyses largely support the predicted motivational order of the values. Analyses of predictive validity demonstrate that the refined values theory provides greater and more precise insight into the value underpinnings of beliefs. Each value correlates uniquely with external variables.
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