Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA

1985/10/01 by Masami Hasegawa, Hirohisa Kishino, Taka-aki Yano · 8,994 citations
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Earth and Planetary Sciences · #Ancient DNA #Biological evolution #Biology #Demography #Divergence (linguistics) #Evolution and Paleontology Studies #Evolutionary biology #Gene #Genetic diversity and population structure #Genetics #Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies #Gorilla #Hominidae #Mitochondrial DNA #Molecular clock #Paleontology #Phylogenetics #Population #Sequence (biology) #Zoology

paper · doi:10.1007/bf02101694

published in Journal of Molecular Evolution 22(2), 160-174 (Springer Science+Business Media)

openalex publication_date 1985/10/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/06

Citations

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• New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: the phylogenetic utility of ZENK (i)
• A phylogeny of the megapodes (Aves: Megapodiidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences
• On the Origin of Darwin's Finches
• A phylogenetic test of sympatric speciation in the Hydrobatinae (Aves: Procellariiformes)
• Mitochondrial phylogeography, subspecific taxonomy, and conservation genetics of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis; Aves: Gruidae)
• A multilocus phylogeny of the Sulidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes)
• The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes
• Evolution of Nest-Building Behavior in Agapornis Parrots
• Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences
• Evolution of ultraviolet vision in the largest avian radiation - the passerines
• Extraordinary sex ratios and the evolution of male neoteny in sib-mating Ozopemon beetles
• Phylogeography of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) with particular emphasis on the colonization of the Orkney archipelago
• Unresolved molecular phylogenies of gibbons and siamangs (Family: Hylobatidae) based on mitochondrial, Y-linked, and X-linked loci indicate a rapid Miocene radiation or sudden vicariance event
• The origin of peroxisomes: The possibility of an actinobacterial symbiosis
• Origin and status of the Great Lakes wolf
• A molecular phylogeny of the Canidae based on six nuclear loci
• The Population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, Cause of Fusarium Wilt of Strawberry, in California
• Total evidence phylogeny of platyrrhine primates and a comparison of undated and tip-dating approaches
• Mitogenomics data reveal effective population size, historical bottlenecks, and the effects of hunting on New Zealand fur seals ( Arctocephalus forsteri )
• A phylogeny of Southern Hemisphere whelks (Gastropoda: Buccinulidae) and concordance with the fossil record
• Genomic epidemiology reveals transmission patterns and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Aotearoa New Zealand
• Mitochondrial DNA differentiation between two forms of trout Salmo letnica, endemic to the Balkan Lake Ohrid, reflects their reproductive isolation
• Kiwi genome provides insights into evolution of a nocturnal lifestyle
• Systematic revision of the avian family Cisticolidae based on a multi-locus phylogeny of all genera
• Biogeographic problem-solving reveals the Late Pleistocene translocation of a short-faced bear to the California Channel Islands
• Integrative taxonomy of the Plain-backed Thrush (Zoothera mollissima) complex (Aves, Turdidae) reveals cryptic species, including a new species
• Unexpected divergence and lack of divergence revealed in continental Asian Cyornis flycatchers (Aves: Muscicapidae)
• Phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of Remipedia (Nectiopoda) from Bayesian analysis of molecular data
• Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project
• Molecular genetic relationships of the extinct ostrich, Struthio camelus syriacus: consequences for ostrich introductions into Saudi Arabia
• DNA evidence for a Paleocene origin of the Alcidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) in the Pacific and multiple dispersals across northern oceans
• Evidence from multiple gene sequences indicates that termites evolved from wood-feeding cockroaches
• Identifying the Basal Angiosperm Node in Chloroplast Genome Phylogenies: Sampling One's Way Out of the Felsenstein Zone
• Laying the foundations for a new classification of Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), a multilocus phylogenetic approach
• Molecular phylogeny of fig wasps Agaonidae are not monophyletic
• Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps
• Ancient DNA Analysis Affirms the Canid from Altai as a Primitive Dog
• Molecular evolutionary dynamics of cytochrome b in strepsirrhine primates: the phylogenetic significance of third-position transversions
• Ancient and modern steps during the domestication of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.)
• Molecular Phylogeny and Divergence Time Estimates for Major Rodent Groups: Evidence from Multiple Genes
• Substitution rate variation among sites in mitochondrial hypervariable region I of humans and chimpanzees
• Molecular phylogenetics and the historical biogeography of dippers (Cinclus)
• Ancient DNA Enables Timing of the Pleistocene Origin and Holocene Expansion of Two Adelie Penguin Lineages in Antarctica
• Molecular clocks: when timesare a-changin'
• Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees.
• Natural selection shaped regional mtDNA variation in humans
• REFUGIAL ORIGINS OF REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS L.) INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES
• A nuclear DNA phylogeny and proposed taxonomic revision of African greenbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)
• The reticulate origin of modern plane trees ( Platanus , Platanaceae): A nuclear marker puzzle
• Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of the Genus <I>Platanus</I> as Inferred From Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA
• Population history, biogeography, and taxonomy of orangutans (Genus: Pongo) based on a population genetic meta-analysis of multiple loci
• The Paraphyly of Osmunda is Confirmed by Phylogenetic Analyses of Seven Plastid Loci
• An approximate stationary solution for multi-allele neutral diffusion with low mutation rates
• Effect of geological vicariance on mitochondrial DNA differentiation in Common Pheasant populations of the Loess Plateau and eastern China
• Using Non-Homogeneous Models of Nucleotide Substitution to Identify Host Shift Events: Application to the Origin of the 1918 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Pandemic Virus
• Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white-eye genus Zosterops
• Large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis in Southeast Asia reveals evolutionary effects of cultural isolation in the multi-ethnic population of Myanmar
• H-15 2005年産業連関表による建設に伴うCO₂排出量に関する研究
• Dramatic niche shifts and morphological change in two insular bird species
• Estimating Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitution Rates Under Realistic Evolutionary Models
• Molecular phylogeny of the family Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S rRNA genes
• SYSTEMATICS AND HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF WAGTAILS: DISPERSAL VERSUS VICARIANCE REVISITED
• Multilocus phylogeny of the avian family Alaudidae (larks) reveals complex morphological evolution, non-monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity
• Phylogenetic Relationships and the Radiation of Sigmodontine Rodents in South America: Evidence from Cytochrome b
• The Evolutionary History and Genetic Diversity of Kinkajous, Potos flavus (Carnivora, Procyonidae)
• Phylogeny and divergence times inferred from rps16 sequence data analyses for Tricyrtis (Liliaceae), an endemic genus of north-east Asia
• Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of Tricyrtis (Liliaceae s.l.) Inferred from Plastid DNA matK Spacer Nucleotide Sequences
• On the edge of Bantu expansions: mtDNA, Y chromosome and lactase persistence genetic variation in southwestern Angola
• Speciation in the White‐breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis): a multilocus perspective
• Use of phylogenetics in the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary studies of viral infections
• Evidence for a convergent slowdown in primate molecular rates and its implications for the timing of early primate evolution
• Molecular evidence for deep phylogenetic divergence in Mandrillus sphinx
• Reticulate evolution in Thuja inferred from multiple gene sequences: Implications for the study of biogeographical disjunction between eastern Asia and North America
• Timing the Origin of New World Monkeys
• Time Dependency of Molecular Rate Estimates and Systematic Overestimation of Recent Divergence Times
• The Population History of Extant and Extinct Hyenas
• A molecular phylogeny and a revised classification of Ornithogaloideae (Hyacinthaceae) based on an analysis of four plastid DNA regions
• Genomic ancestry, diet and microbiomes of Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers from San Teodoro cave
• Species status and conservation issues of New Zealand’s endemic Latrodectus spider species (Araneae : Theridiidae)
• Molecular systematics and paleobiogeography of the South American sigmodontine rodents [published erratum appears in Mol Biol Evol 1998 Feb;15(2):224]
• Stop the Abuse of Time! Strict Temporal Banding is not the Future of Rank-Based Classifications in Fungi (Including Lichens) and Other Organisms
• The origin and expansion of Pama–Nyungan languages across Australia
• The effect of the last glacial age on speciation and population genetic structure of the endangered Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)
• Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship between three serow species of the genus Capricornis based on the complete mitochondrial DNA control region sequences
• Molecular Phylogeny of Nycticebus Inferred from Mitochondrial Genes
• Reviving the African Wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa: A Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than 6,000 km Wide
• Phylogeography of the Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) in India
• Ecological diversification and phylogeny of emydid turtles
• Molecular evolution of Agaricus species based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences
• Another example of cryptic diversity in lichen-forming fungi: the new species Parmelia mayi (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae)
• Slow worm, Anguis fragilis (Reptilia: Anguidae) as a species complex: Genetic structure reveals deep divergences
• A MULTILOCUS TEST OF SIMULTANEOUS DIVERGENCE ACROSS THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA USING SNAPPING SHRIMP IN THE GENUSALPHEUS
• Cytochrome b Phylogeny and the Taxonomy of Great Apes and Mammals
• Phylogenetic evidence for colour pattern convergence in toxic pitohuis: Müllerian mimicry in birds?
• THE DYNAMICS OF MALE BROODING, MATING PATTERNS, AND SEX ROLES IN PIPEFISHES AND SEAHORSES (FAMILY SYNGNATHIDAE)
• Phylogeography, genetic structure and population divergence time of cheetahs in Africa and Asia: evidence for long-term geographic isolates
• Molecular Phylogeny of the Marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae): Tests of Evolutionary and Biogeographic Hypotheses
• Phylogeny, evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Mustelidae based on sequences of the cytochrome b gene and a complex repetitive flanking region
• Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences
• A role for nonphysical barriers to gene flow in the diversification of a highly vagile seabird, the masked booby (Sula dactylatra)
• Are Guinea Pigs Rodents? The Importance of Adequate Models in Molecular Phylogenetics
• Molecular analysis of a 11 700‐year‐old rodent midden from the Atacama Desert, Chile
• Amphipods from the Wallaby-Zenith Fracture Zone, Indian Ocean: new genus and two new species identified by integrative taxonomy
• Likelihood-Based Tests of Topologies in Phylogenetics
• Inferring Epidemiological Dynamics with Bayesian Coalescent Inference: The Merits of Deterministic and Stochastic Models
• Computational Performance and Statistical Accuracy of *BEAST and Comparisons with Other Methods
• Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversification events in the Caliciaceae
• Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species
• Specific Status of Propithecus spp.
• Registering the evolutionary history in individual-based models of speciation
• Finding Optimal Triangulations Parameterized by Edge Clique Cover
• A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level
• EVOLUTION OF LONG-DISTANCE MIGRATION IN AND HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CATHARUS THRUSHES: A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH
• Characterizing the Time Dependency of Human Mitochondrial DNA Mutation Rate Estimates
• Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes
• East–west genetic differentiation in Musk Ducks (Biziura lobata) of Australia suggests late Pleistocene divergence at the Nullarbor Plain
• THE DYNAMICS OF NATURAL SELECTION AND VICARIANCE IN THE DOMINICAN ANOLE: PATTERNS OF WITHIN-ISLAND MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE
• Patterns of population subdivision and gene flow in the ant Nothomyrmecia macrops reflected in microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA markers
• piBUSS: a parallel BEAST/BEAGLE utility for sequence simulation under complex evolutionary scenarios
• Pseudotetraëdriella kamillae: taxonomy and ecology of a new member of the algal class Eustigmatophyceae (Stramenopiles)
• The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference
• Multilocus Phylogenetics of a Rapid Radiation in the Genus Thomomys (Rodentia: Geomyidae)
• Mitochondrial genomes and thousands of ultraconserved elements resolve the taxonomy and historical biogeography of the Euphonia and Chlorophonia finches (Passeriformes: Fringillidae)
• New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens
• Asynchronous Colonization of Madagascar by the Four Endemic Clades of Primates, Tenrecs, Carnivores, and Rodents as Inferred from Nuclear Genes
• Bayesian Coalescent Inference of Past Population Dynamics from Molecular Sequences
• Phylogeography of the North American red fox: vicariance in Pleistocene forest refugia
• Genetic distinctiveness of red foxes in the Intermountain West as revealed through expanded mitochondrial sequencing
• Population-level genotyping of coat colour polymorphism in woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)
• Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae
• Phylogeny of the Lemuridae: Effects of Character and Taxon Sampling on Resolution of Species Relationships within Eulemur
• Phylogenetic relationships among Lemuridae (Primates): evidence from mtDNA
• A Re-Examination of Generic Concepts of Baeomycetoid Lichens Based on Phylogenetic Analyses of Nuclear ssu and Lsu Ribosomal Dna
• MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGEOGRAPHY, AND THE EFFECTS OF PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION IN THE PAINTED TURTLE (CHRYSEMYS PICTA) COMPLEX
• Assessment of methods for amino acid matrix selection and their use on empirical data shows that ad hoc assumptions for choice of matrix are not justified. [europepmc]
• Blueprint for a high-performance biomaterial: full-length spider dragline silk genes. [europepmc]
• BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. [europepmc]
• Bayesian inference of population size history from multiple loci. [europepmc]
• Inference on population history and model checking using DNA sequence and microsatellite data with the software DIYABC (v1.0). [europepmc]
• Bayesian random local clocks, or one rate to rule them all. [europepmc]
• webPRANK: a phylogeny-aware multiple sequence aligner with interactive alignment browser. [europepmc]
• MTML-msBayes: approximate Bayesian comparative phylogeographic inference from multiple taxa and multiple loci with rate heterogeneity. [europepmc]
• Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny. [europepmc]
• A glimpse on the pattern of rodent diversification: a phylogenetic approach. [europepmc]
• Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage. [europepmc]
• Persistent HIV-1 replication maintains the tissue reservoir during therapy. [europepmc]
• Real-time, portable genome sequencing for Ebola surveillance. [europepmc]
• bModelTest: Bayesian phylogenetic site model averaging and model comparison. [europepmc]
• Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic. [europepmc]
• Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas. [europepmc]
• The house spider genome reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication during arachnid evolution. [europepmc]
• Evolution and epidemic spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil. [europepmc]
• Variant analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. [europepmc]
• Cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Washington state. [europepmc]
• Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity. [europepmc]
• Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. [europepmc]
• Independent infections of porcine deltacoronavirus among Haitian children. [europepmc]
• Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 spike. [europepmc]
• Sustained human outbreak of a new MPXV clade I lineage in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. [europepmc]