The world as a hologram

1994/09/15 by Leonard Susskind, L. Susskind · 1 voice · 4,043 citations
Mathematics · Physics and Astronomy · #Black Holes and Theoretical Physics #Causality (physics) #Classical mechanics #Context (archaeology) #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #Gravitation #Holographic principle #Holography #Mathematics #Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies #Physics #Planck #Planck length #Planck mass #Planck scale #Quantum #Quantum gravity #Quantum mechanics #Realization (probability) #String (physics) #String theory #Theoretical physics #hep-th

paper · pdf · doi:10.1063/1.531249

published in Journal of Mathematical Physics 36(11), 6377-6396 (American Institute of Physics) · SU-ITP-94-33, phyzzx, 33 pages and 5 figures (Some typos fixed and one reference added.)

arxiv published 1994/09/15 · arxiv created 1994/09/28 · arxiv updated 1994/09/28 · openalex publication_date 1995/11/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

According to ’t Hooft the combination of quantum mechanics and gravity requires the three-dimensional world to be an image of data that can be stored on a two-dimensional projection much like a holographic image. The two-dimensional description only requires one discrete degree of freedom per Planck area and yet it is rich enough to describe all three-dimensional phenomena. After outlining ’t Hooft’s proposal we give a preliminary informal description of how it may be implemented. One finds a basic requirement that particles must grow in size as their momenta are increased far above the Planck scale. The consequences for high-energy particle collisions are described. The phenomenon of particle growth with momentum was previously discussed in the context of string theory and was related to information spreading near black hole horizons. The considerations of this paper indicate that the effect is much more rapid at all but the earliest times. In fact the rate of spreading is found to saturate the bound from causality. Finally we consider string theory as a possible realization of ’t Hooft’s idea. The light front lattice string model of Klebanov and Susskind is reviewed and its similarities with the holographic theory are demonstrated. The agreement between the two requires unproven but plausible assumptions about the nonperturbative behavior of string theory. Very similar ideas to those in this paper have long been held by Charles Thorn.

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• Generalized second law for cosmology
• Holographic duals of near-extremal Reissner-Nordstrøm black holes
• Quantum UV/IR relations and holographic dark energy from entropic force
• A holographic model of dark energy and the thermodynamics of a non-flat accelerated expanding universe
• Evidence for an entropy bound from fundamentally discrete gravity
• The fuzzball proposal for black holes
• Closed universes with black holes but no event horizons as a solution to the black hole information problem
• Reconstructing f(R) theory according to holographic dark energy
• ϕ4-model and holography in four dimensions
• Anthropic principle favours the holographic dark energy
• Are there hyperentropic objects?
• Overlapping qubits from non-isometric maps and de Sitter tensor networks
• Braneworld gravity in a symmetric space bulk
• Holographic Dark Information Energy: Predicted Dark Energy Measurement
• Dynamics of gravity as thermodynamics on the spherical holographic screen
• Recent developments in superstring theory
• ENTROPY AND AREA IN LOOP QUANTUM GRAVITY
• Initial Condition Problem is Intractable in Cosmology
• A short essay on quantum black holes and underlying noncommutative quantized space-time
• Logarithmic Entropy Corrected Holographic Dark Energy with F ( R, T ) Gravity
• STATE OF THE UNIFICATION ADDRESS
• ENTROPIC LAW OF FORCE, EMERGENT GRAVITY AND THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
• BLACK HOLE AS AN INFORMATION ERASER
• Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity and the models of a Hawking-Page transition for 2D black holes
• Aspects of AdS/BCFT
• Possible observational windows for quantum effects from black holes
• Constructing black hole solutions in supergravity theories
• String Theory
• Dynamics of quintessence in generalized uncertainty principle
• Massive gravitino propagator in maximally symmetric spaces and fermions in dS/CFT
• Doubly Special Relativity with Light-Cone Deformation
• A holographic reduction of Minkowski space–time
• Holography and trace anomaly: What is the fate of (brane-world) black holes?
• Dimensional reduction from entanglement in Minkowski space
• Deconstruction and holography
• HOLLOWGRAPHY DRIVEN HOLOGRAPHY: BLACK HOLE WITH VANISHING VOLUME INTERIOR
• The causal structure of QED in curved spacetime: analyticity and the refractive index
• Rényi holographic dark energy in higher dimension Cosmology
• Can holographic dark energy models fit the observational data?
• Fast scramblers, horizons and expander graphs
• Non-saturated holographic dark energy
• Shape and holography: studies of dual operators to giant gravitons
• Role of the cosmological constant in the holographic description of the early universe
• A new class of holographic dark energy models in LRS Bianchi Type-I
• Weak Deflection angle of some classes of non-linear electrodynamics black holes via Gauss-Bonnet Theorem
• The trouble with de Sitter space
• Holographic explanation of wide-angle power correlation suppression in the cosmic microwave background radiation
• Physical limits on information processing
• Stability analysis of agegraphic dark energy in Brans–Dicke cosmology
• Thermodynamics of interacting holographic dark energy with the apparent horizon as an IR cutoff
• The cosmological constant as a zero action boundary
• Hawking radiation of black rings from anomalies
• Holographic shell model: Stack data structure inside black holes?
• Entanglement Entropy in Galilean Conformal Field Theories and Flat Holography
• Holography and entropy bounds in Gauss–Bonnet gravity
• TACHYONS IN DE SITTER SPACE AND ANALYTICAL CONTINUATION FROM dS/CFT TO AdS/CFT
• Strings as perturbations of evolving spin networks
• Holographic principle and dark energy
• THE BOUSSO ENTROPY BOUND FOR AN IDEAL GAS OF MASSIVE PARTICLES
• Andreev reflections and the quantum physics of black holes
• Holographic dark energy with varying gravitational constant in Hořava-Lifshitz cosmology
• Topological current divider
• Interacting dark matter and modified holographic Ricci dark energy induce a relaxed Chaplygin gas
• Non-relativistic geometry of holographic screens
• Entropic considerations on the Universe and Universe-black hole systems
• Black hole entropy, curved space and monsters
• Emergent spacetime and the origin of gravity
• A modified holographic dark energy model with infrared infinite extra dimension(s)
• Unitarity and holography in gravitational physics
• Area terms in entanglement entropy
• UNIVERSAL ENTROPY BOUND AND DISCRETE SPACETIME
• Strong coupling quantum gravity and physics beyond the Planck scale
• Flat space compressible fluid as holographic dual of black hole with curved horizon
• The structure of fixed-point tensor network states characterizes the patterns of long-range entanglement
• A new holographic dark energy model in Brans-Dicke theory with logarithmic scalar field
• Symmetry protected topological orders and the group cohomology of their symmetry group
• Supergravity dual ofc-extremization
• Continuous Multiscale Entanglement Renormalization Ansatz as Holographic Surface-State Correspondence
• Bulk geometry from entanglement entropy of CFT
• Off-diagonal cosmological solutions in emergent gravity theories and Grigory Perelman entropy for geometric flows
• Quantum gravity without vacuum dispersion
• Quantization in black hole backgrounds
• Many worlds in one
• Holographic dark energy models with interactions and entropy corrections for different cutoffs in the Brans–Dicke cosmology
• String theory and quantum chromodynamics
• Emergent dark matter in late time universe on holographic screen
• Black Holes Are One-Dimensional
• Holography and the scale invariance of density fluctuations
• Holographic c-theorems in arbitrary dimensions
• Gauge dependence and self-force from Galilean to Einsteinian free fall, compact stars falling into black holes, Hawking radiation and the Pisa tower at the general relativity centennial
• Approximate Bacon-Shor code and holography
• Non-minimally coupled canonical, phantom and quintom models of holographic dark energy
• An experiment for observing quantum gravity phenomena using twin table-top 3D interferometers
• CHAOTIC MOTION IN MULTI-BLACK HOLE SPACETIMES AND HOLOGRAPHIC SCREENS
• Black hole thermodynamics and two-dimensional dilaton gravity theory
• Anti–de Sitter black holes, thermal phase transition, and holography in higher curvature gravity
• Semi-classical BMS3 blocks and flat holography
• Entropy and anisotropy
• NOTE ON THE BOUNDARY TERMS IN AdS/CFT CORRESPONDENCE FOR RARITA–SCHWINGER FIELD
• Candidate for a background independent formulation of M theory
• Boundary conformal field theories, limit sets of Kleinian groups and holography
• Mass, entropy, and holography in asymptotically de Sitter spaces
• Yang-Mills interaction from boundary vector model
• Alternative N=2 supergravity in five dimensions with singularities
• Galilean conformal electrodynamics
• Quadratic Gravity
• Interacting New Agegraphic Phantom Model of Dark Energy in Non-flat Universe
• RUDIMENTS OF HOLOGRAPHY
• A microscopic description of black hole evaporation via holography
• Hawking modes and the optimal disperser: holographic lessons from the observer's causal-patch unitarity
• New concepts in particle physics from the solution of an old problem
• Comparing the holographic principle inspired dark energy models
• A study of Universal thermodynamics in Lanczos–Lovelock gravity
• Constructing black hole entropy from gravitational collapse
• Model of interacting holographic dark energy at the Ricci scale
• Testing Modified Dark Matter with galaxy clusters: Does dark matter know about the cosmological constant?
• The Internal and External Problems of String Theory: A Philosophical View
• Holographic dark energy in a cyclic universe
• Free-field realisations of the BMS3 algebra and its extensions
• RECONSTRUCTING THE POTENTIALS FOR THE QUINTESSENCE AND TACHYON DARK ENERGY, FROM THE HOLOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLE
• How can rainbow gravity affect gravitational force?
• Area law unification and the holographic event horizon
• Towards a background independent approach to M theory
• Conformal tightness of holographic scaling in black hole thermodynamics
• Probing the holography of near-horizon AdS5 S5geometry
• Implementing holographic projections in Ponzano–Regge gravity
• Reconstructing interacting entropy-corrected holographic scalar field models of dark energy in the non-flat universe
• A TRACKER SOLUTION FOR A HOLOGRAPHIC DARK ENERGY MODEL
• ENCODING THE SCALING OF THE COSMOLOGICAL VARIABLES WITH THE EULER BETA FUNCTION
• Anti–de Sitter holography for gravity and higher spin theories in two dimensions
• Volumes of Space as Subsystems
• On Toda equation and half BPS supergravity solution in M-theory
• A closer look at the cosmological implications of the ΛHDE model
• Interacting agegraphic tachyon model of dark energy
• Statefinder Parameters for Different Dark Energy Models with Variable G Correction in Kaluza-Klein Cosmology
• Quantum black hole entropy and Newton constant renormalization
• Growth rate and configurational entropy in Tsallis holographic dark energy
• Thermodynamics of general scalar-tensor theory with non-minimally derivative coupling
• Probing interaction and spatial curvature in the holographic dark energy model
• Interacting holographic generalized Chaplygin gas model
• What is the maximum rate at which entropy of a string can increase?
• An interacting holographic dark energy model within an induced gravity brane
• Extending the QMM Framework to the Strong and Weak Interactions
• Barrow and Tsallis entropies after the DESI DR2 BAO data
• Information--Theoretic Black Hole Entropy II: Infrared Gravity and Charged/Rotating Extensions
• Information-Theoretic Black Hole Entropy I: Beyond the Area Law
• Entropic cosmology in a dissipative universe
• Holographic Entanglement Entropy in the FLRW Universe
• Extended-BMS Anomalies and Flat Space Holography
• Quantum-bias cosmology: Acceleration from holographic information capacity
• Tunnelling methods and Hawking's radiation: achievements and prospects
• Loop Quantum Corrections to Statefinder Parameters of Dark Energy
• Codimension-2 surfaces and their Hilbert spaces: low-energy clues for holography from general covariance
• Equipartition of Energy in Gravitating Systems
• Linking topological quantum field theory and nonperturbative quantum gravity
• Scale separation, rolling solutions and entropy bounds
• Black hole complementarity with local horizons and Horowitz-Maldacena's proposal
• Emergent metric from wavelet-transformed quantum field theory
• The Hubble IR cutoff in holographic ellipsoidal cosmologies
• The curious case of operators with spectral density increasing as Ω(E)∼ e ^{Const. E2}
• Holographic dark energy interacting with dark matter in a closed Universe
• A covariant entropy conjecture on cosmological dynamical horizon
• Low energy description of quantum gravity and complementarity
• Schwarzschild/CFT from soft black hole hair?
• Holographic principle [wikipedia]
• Fundamental awareness: A framework for integrating science, philosophy and metaphysics. [europepmc]
• The Thermodynamics of Black Holes. [europepmc]
• Quasi-Local Energy-Momentum and Angular Momentum in General Relativity. [europepmc]
• Entanglement Entropy of Black Holes. [europepmc]
• The Cosmological Constant. [europepmc]
• Quasi-Local Energy-Momentum and Angular Momentum in GR: A Review Article. [europepmc]
• The Kerr/CFT correspondence and its extensions. [europepmc]
• More on the holographic Ricci dark energy model: smoothing Rips through interaction effects? [europepmc]
• Finding critical states of enhanced memory capacity in attractive cold bosons. [europepmc]
• On the Principle of Synchronization. [europepmc]
• The World as a Neural Network. [europepmc]
• Information Theory: Deep Ideas, Wide Perspectives, and Various Applications. [europepmc]
• Representation of the Universe as a Dendrogramic Hologram Endowed with Relational Interpretation. [europepmc]
• Towards a Theory of Quantum Gravity from Neural Networks. [europepmc]
• Information Dark Energy Can Resolve the Hubble Tension and Is Falsifiable by Experiment. [europepmc]
• Aether, dark energy and string compactifications. [europepmc]
• Exploring the entropic nature of political polarization through its formulation as a isolated thermodynamic system. [europepmc]
• Cosmic and Thermodynamic Consequences of Kaniadakis Holographic Dark Energy in Brans-Dicke Gravity. [europepmc]
• Constraints on Tsallis Cosmology from Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Relic Abundance of Cold Dark Matter Particles. [europepmc]
• From Black Holes Entropy to Consciousness: The Dimensions of the Brain Connectome. [europepmc]
• Principled Limitations on Self-Representation for Generic Physical Systems. [europepmc]
• The Quantum Memory Matrix: A Unified Framework for the Black Hole Information Paradox. [europepmc]
• Extending the QMM Framework to the Strong and Weak Interactions. [europepmc]
• The Quantum Relative Entropy of the Schwarzschild Black Hole and the Area Law. [europepmc]
• Relative-Entropy Variational Principle for Semiclassical Gravity with Finite-Resolution Boundaries [europepmc]

Discussions

• Später, wenn Leonard Susskind seine Lösung als "The World as a Hologram" vorstellt, gelingt die Wissenschaftskommunikation nicht mehr ganz so gut - aber hier sind wir auch im Reich der wissenschaftlic [bsky, 0 points, 1 comments]

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