2018/04/11 by Wenju Cai, Guojian Wang, Bolan Gan +6 · 81 citations
Environmental Science · Earth and Planetary Sciences · #Climate variability and models #Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes #Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research #Global warming #Extreme weather #Environmental science #Climatology #Climate change #Indian Ocean Dipole #Atmospheric sciences #El Niño Southern Oscillation #Physics #Biology #Ecology #Geology
paper · pdf · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6
published in Nature Communications 9(1), 1419 (Nature Portfolio)
openalex publication_date 2018/04/11 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31
Extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) affects weather, agriculture, ecosystems, and public health worldwide, particularly when exacerbated by an extreme El Niño. The Paris Agreement aims to limit warming below 2 °C and ideally below 1.5 °C in global mean temperature (GMT), but how extreme pIOD will respond to this target is unclear. Here we show that the frequency increases linearly as the warming proceeds, and doubles at 1.5 °C warming from the pre-industrial level (statistically significant above the 90% confidence level), underscored by a strong intermodel agreement with 11 out of 13 models producing an increase. However, in sharp contrast to a continuous increase in extreme El Niño frequency long after GMT stabilisation, the extreme pIOD frequency peaks as the GMT stabilises. The contrasting response corresponds to a 50% reduction in frequency of an extreme El Niño preceded by an extreme pIOD from that projected under a business-as-usual scenario.