Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger

2016/02/11 by The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott +99 · 4 voices · 14,410 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #Astronomy #Astrophysics #Binary black hole #Binary number #Black Holes and Theoretical Physics #Black hole (networking) #Classical mechanics #Computer science #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #Gravitational wave #Physics #Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research #astro-ph.HE #gr-qc

paper · pdf · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.116.061102

published in Physical Review Letters 116(6), 061102 (American Physical Society) · 16 pages, 4 figures

arxiv created 2016/02/11 · openalex publication_date 2016/02/11 · arxiv updated 2016/02/24 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10(-21). It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203,000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410(-180)(+160) Mpc corresponding to a redshift z=0.09(-0.04)(+0.03). In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are 36(-4)(+5)M⊙ and 29(-4)(+4)M⊙, and the final black hole mass is 62(-4)(+4)M⊙, with 3.0(-0.5)(+0.5)M⊙c(2) radiated in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.

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• Gravitational waves from a plunge into a nearly extremal Kerr black hole
• Quasinormal spectra of scale-dependent Schwarzschild–de Sitter black holes
• Deflection angle of a light ray reflected by a general marginally unstable photon sphere in a strong deflection limit
• Variational quantum algorithm for estimating the quantum Fisher information
• Sensitivity characterisation of a parametric transducer for gravitational wave detection through optical spring effect
• Practical quantum metrology in noisy environments
• Atomic clocks and dark-matter signatures
• Primordial black holes and secondary gravitational waves from string inspired general no-scale supergravity
• Primordial black holes from polynomial potentials in single field inflation
• Electromagnetic afterglows associated with gamma-ray emission coincident with binary black hole merger event GW150914
• Gravitational waves from holographic neutron star mergers
• The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. II. UV, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves and Comparison to Kilonova Models
• INTEGRAL Detection of the First Prompt Gamma-Ray Signal Coincident with the Gravitational-wave Event GW170817
• Noise characterization for resonantly enhanced polarimetric vacuum magnetic-birefringence experiments
• Gravitational Waves in f(R) Gravity Power Law Model
• INTEGRAL UPPER LIMITS ON GAMMA-RAY EMISSION ASSOCIATED WITH THE GRAVITATIONAL WAVE EVENT GW150914
• Enforcing causality in nonrelativistic equations of state at finite temperature
• Flavor ratios of astrophysical neutrinos interacting with stochastic gravitational waves having arbitrary spectra
• Kilonovae
• A Statistical Standard Siren Measurement of the Hubble Constant from the LIGO/Virgo Gravitational Wave Compact Object Merger GW190814 and Dark Energy Survey Galaxies
• The black hole at the Galactic Center: Observations and models
• An Energy-conserving Integrator for Conservative Hamiltonian Systems with Ten-dimensional Phase Space
• Source properties of the lowest signal-to-noise-ratio binary black hole detections
• Emission of photons near the horizon of Kerr-Sen black holes
• Testing the Binary Black Hole Nature of a Compact Binary Coalescence
• Structure of stable binary neutron star merger remnants: A case study
• Probing compact dark matter with gravitational wave fringes detected by the Einstein Telescope
• Constraint on the radius of five-dimensional dS spacetime with GW170817 and GRB 170817A
• Modes of the Kerr geometry with purely imaginary frequencies
• A Triple Origin for the Heavy and Low-spin Binary Black Holes Detected by LIGO/VIRGO
• Searching for Near-Horizon Quantum Structures in the Binary Black-Hole Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
• Interaction potential and thermo-correction to the equation of state for thermally stable Schwarzschild anti-de Sitter black holes
• Quasinormal modes of bumblebee wormhole
• Secular evolution of compact binaries revolving around a spinning massive black hole
• Analytic approximations in GR and gravitational waves
• Rotating stealth black holes with a cohomogeneity-1 metric
• Spin–orbit precession for eccentric black hole binaries at first order in the mass ratio
• Gravitational waves from mountains in newly born millisecond magnetars
• Spin-Orbit-Coupled Interferometry with Ring-Trapped Bose-Einstein Condensates
• Hangup effect in unequal mass binary black hole mergers and further studies of their gravitational radiation and remnant properties
• Black holes as collapsed polymers
• The Milky Way’s Supermassive Black Hole: How Good a Case Is It?
• UPPER LIMITS ON THE RATES OF BINARY NEUTRON STAR AND NEUTRON STAR–BLACK HOLE MERGERS FROM ADVANCED LIGO’S FIRST OBSERVING RUN
• Weak gravitational lensing by Bocharova–Bronnikov–Melnikov–Bekenstein black holes using Gauss–Bonnet theorem
• Microlensing and dynamical constraints on primordial black hole dark matter with an extended mass function
• Exploring galaxies-gravitational waves cross-correlations as an astrophysical probe
• PRIMORDIAL BLACK HOLE FORMATION IN THE MATTER-DOMINATED PHASE OF THE UNIVERSE
• Quasi-periodicity of Supermassive Binary Black Hole Accretion Approaching Merger
• Probing modified gravity with magnetically levitated resonators
• The Impact of Nuclear Reaction Rate Uncertainties on the Evolution of Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors
• Shadow, quasinormal modes, and quasiperiodic oscillations of rotating Kaluza-Klein black holes
• Hidden simplicity of the gravity action
• Estimation of starting times of quasinormal modes in ringdown gravitational waves with the Hilbert-Huang transform
• Nonlocal star as a blackhole mimicker
• Neutron star pulse profiles in scalar-tensor theories of gravity
• Neutron Stars Formation and Core Collapse Supernovae
• The massive Dirac equation in the Kerr-Newman-de Sitter and Kerr-Newman black hole spacetimes
• Spin Interaction under the Collision of Two Kerr-(Anti-)de Sitter Black Holes
• Measurement of Tidal Deformability in the Gravitational Wave Parameter Estimation for Nonspinning Binary Neutron Star Mergers
• Wind Roche lobe overflow in high-mass X-ray binaries
• Charged particle and epicyclic motions around 4 D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet black hole immersed in an external magnetic field
• Birkhoff's theorem for stable torsion theories
• DDOTI observations of gravitational-wave sources discovered in O3
• Inner horizon instability and the unstable cores of regular black holes
• Orbital effects on time delay interferometry for TianQin
• Primordial black holes and gravitational waves from resonant amplification during inflation
• Quasinormal modes for non-minimally coupled scalar fields in regular black hole spacetimes: Grey-body factors, area spectrum and shadow radius
• Theoretical Distributions of Short-lived Radionuclides for Star Formation in Molecular Clouds
• Constructing the covariant three-point vertices systematically
• Classical Lagrangians for the nonminimal spin-nondegenerate Standard-Model extension at higher orders in Lorentz violation
• Emergence of Fresnel diffraction zones in gravitational lensing by a cosmic string
• Multiwavelength Follow-up of the Hyperluminous Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidate 3XMM J215022.4−055108
• Remarks on the maximum luminosity
• BINARY NEUTRON STAR MERGERS: A JET ENGINE FOR SHORT GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
• Schwarzschild fuzzball and explicitly unitary Hawking radiation
• Corotating binary systems of identical Kerr-Newman black holes
• Gravitational-Wave Fringes at LIGO: Detecting Compact Dark Matter by Gravitational Lensing
• Greatly Enhanced Merger Rates of Compact-object Binaries in Non-spherical Nuclear Star Clusters
• Massive graviton geons
• Gamma-Ray Burst Progenitors
• Numerical study of the gravitational shock wave inside a spherical charged black hole
• Detecting the anisotropic astrophysical gravitational wave background in the presence of shot noise through cross-correlations
• Nonideal quantum measurement effects on the switching-current distribution of Josephson junctions
• Mass parameter and the bounds on redshifts and blueshifts of photons emitted from geodesic particle orbiting in the vicinity of regular black holes
• Connection between the shadow radius and quasinormal modes in rotating spacetimes
• Gravitational Forces Between Nonclassical Mechanical Oscillators
• Non-singular collapse scenario from matter–curvature coupling
• When black holes collide: Probing the interior composition by the spectrum of ringdown modes and emitted gravitational waves
• Understanding extreme quasar optical variability with CRTS – I. Major AGN flares
• Electromagnetic Signatures of Neutron Star Mergers in the Advanced LIGO Era
• Quasi-secular evolution of mildly hierarchical triple systems: analytics and applications for GW sources and hot Jupiters
• Echoes from phantom wormholes
• IceCube flavor ratios with identified astrophysical sources: towards improving new physics testability
• Stellar interferometry for gravitational waves
• Empirically estimating the distribution of the loudest candidate from a gravitational-wave search
• Accelerating gravitational wave parameter estimation with multi-band template interpolation
• Gravitational wave signals of pseudo-Goldstone dark matter in the Z3 complex singlet model
• Issues of mismodeling gravitational-wave data for parameter estimation
• Multimode black hole spectroscopy
• The progenitors of compact-object binaries: impact of metallicity, common envelope and natal kicks
• Impact of subdominant modes on the interpretation of gravitational-wave signals from heavy binary black hole systems
• Gravitational lensing by a Bronnikov-Kim wormhole under a weak-field approximation and in a strong deflection limit
• A detached stellar-mass black hole candidate in the globular cluster NGC 3201
• Gravitational wave emission from collisions of compact scalar solitons
• Black hole-naked singularity dualism and the repulsion of two Kerr black holes due to spin-spin interaction
• Effect of gravitational lensing on the distribution of gravitational waves from distant binary black hole mergers
• Electromagnetic emissions from near-horizon region of an extreme Kerr-Taub-NUT black hole
• Seismic noise measures for underground gravitational wave detectors
• Assessing gravitational-wave binary black hole candidates with Bayesian odds
• Primordial black holes and slow-roll violation
• A blind search for a common signal in gravitational wave detectors
• Gravitational waves and electrodynamics: new perspectives
• Quasi-B-mode generated by high-frequency gravitational waves and corresponding perturbative photon fluxes
• The emergence of 3+1D Einstein gravity from topological gravity
• Effect of cosmological evolution on Solar System constraints and on the scalarization of neutron stars in massless scalar-tensor theories
• Gravitational-wave tail effects to quartic non-linear order
• Synthetic model of the gravitational wave background from evolving binary compact objects
• Science with the TianQin Observatory: Preliminary results on Galactic double white dwarf binaries
• Where is Love? Tidal deformability in the black hole compactness limit
• Observational evidence for intermediate-mass black holes
• Test for the Origin of Solar Mass Black Holes
• Blazar Flares as an Origin of High-energy Cosmic Neutrinos?
• The ghost of vector fields in compact stars
• Van der Waals like behavior of topological AdS black holes in massive gravity
• I-Love-Q relations for neutron stars in dynamical Chern Simons gravity
• Dynamical analysis of null geodesics in brane-world spacetimes
• Massive nonminimally coupled scalar field in Reissner-Nordström spacetime: Long-lived quasinormal modes and instability
• Silhouettes of invisible black holes
• Induced gravitational topological term and the Einstein-Cartan modified theory
• SEARCHING THE GAMMA-RAY SKY FOR COUNTERPARTS TO GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SOURCES: FERMI GAMMA-RAY BURST MONITOR AND LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF LVT151012 AND GW151226
• Radiative double copy for Einstein-Yang-Mills theory
• GW190521 from the Merger of Ultradwarf Galaxies
• Can we measure individual black-hole spins from gravitational-wave observations?
• Gravitational wave generation in a viable scenario of inflationary magnetogenesis
• Role of Supergiants in the Formation of Globular Clusters
• Axial quasinormal modes of static neutron stars in the nonminimal derivative coupling sector of Horndeski gravity: Spectrum and universal relations for realistic equations of state
• Formation of relativistic axion stars
• Total-variation methods for gravitational-wave denoising: Performance tests on Advanced LIGO data
• KOOLS–IFU: Kyoto Okayama Optical Low-dispersion Spectrograph with optical-fiber Integral Field Unit
• Constraining accretion efficiency in massive binary stars with LIGO –Virgo black holes
• Notebook articles: Towards a transformative publishing experience in nonlinear science
• A semisupervised machine learning search for never-seen gravitational-wave sources
• Turn up the volume: Listening to phase transitions in hot dark sectors
• 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity: Massless particles and absorption of planar spin-0 waves
• Testing binary dynamics in gravity at the sixth post-Newtonian level
• Clarifying possible misconceptions in the foundations of general relativity
• Self-Force Corrections to the Periapsis Advance around a Spinning Black Hole
• Detectability of continuous gravitational waves from isolated neutron stars in the Milky Way
• Gravitational Waves, baryon asymmetry of the universe and electric dipole moment in the CP-violating NMSSM
• Challenges and opportunities of gravitational-wave searches at MHz to GHz frequencies
• Primordial black holes as generators of cosmic structures
• Multiphase estimation without a reference mode
• Astrophysical applications of the post-Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff formalism
• Exploring nonsingular black holes in gravitational perturbations
• Short gamma-ray bursts and gravitational-wave observations from eccentric compact binaries
• Sensitivity of primordial black hole abundance on the reheating phase
• Search for electron-antineutrinos associated with gravitational-wave events GW150914, GW151012, GW151226, GW170104, GW170608, GW170814, and GW170817 at Daya Bay *
• Consistent relativistic mean-field models constrained by GW170817
• Quantum effects in Galileon black holes
• Kinematic Signatures of Reverberation Mapping of Close Binaries of Supermassive Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Trumpet initial data for boosted black holes
• A NEW GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE SIGNATURE FROM STANDING ACCRETION SHOCK INSTABILITY IN SUPERNOVAE
• Energy extraction from a Konoplya–Zhidenko rotating non-Kerr black hole
• Improvement of an Atomic Clock using Squeezed Vacuum
• J-GEM follow-up observations to search for an optical counterpart of the first gravitational wave source GW150914
• Eccentric Black Hole Gravitational-wave Capture Sources in Galactic Nuclei: Distribution of Binary Parameters
• Identifying when precession can be measured in gravitational waveforms
• Proca theory of four-dimensional regularized Gauss-Bonnet gravity and black holes with primary hair
• Black hole perturbations in vector-tensor theories: the odd-mode analysis
• Tibet’s window on primordial gravitational waves
• Inverse spectrum problem for quasi-stationary states
• Pulsars as probes of gravity and fundamental physics
• Dark matter, dark energy, and alternate models: A review
• Gravitational wave sources from Pop III stars are preferentially located within the cores of their host Galaxies
• Linearization stability of reflection-asymmetric thin-shell wormholes with double shadows
• Impact of the small-scale structure on the Stochastic Background of Gravitational Waves from cosmic strings
• Gödel-type solutions in cubic Galileon gravity
• The shape of the black hole photon ring: A precise test of strong-field general relativity
• Kilonova Luminosity Function Constraints Based on Zwicky Transient Facility Searches for 13 Neutron Star Merger Triggers during O3
• Extending the QMM Framework to the Strong and Weak Interactions
• Lensing by primordial black holes: constraints from gravitational wave observations
• Gravitational wave anisotropies from axion inflation
• Exploring extra dimensions with scalar waves
• Irreducible background of gravitational waves from a cosmic defect network: Update and comparison of numerical techniques
• Circular orbits and accretion disk around a deformed-Schwarzschild black hole in loop quantum gravity
• Quantum Cramer-Rao Precision Limit of Noisy Continuous Sensing
• Detecting Supermassive Black Hole–induced Binary Eccentricity Oscillations with LISA
• Five dimensional rotating and Quintessence black hole and their hypershadows
• A boosted Kerr black hole solution and the structure of a general astrophysical black hole
• Probing Black Hole Phase Transitions through Quasi-Periodic Oscillations
• Iron Kα line of Kerr black holes with Proca hair
• Probing nonclassicality in an optically driven cavity with two atomic ensembles
• 2MASX J00423991 + 3017515: an offset active galactic nucleus in an interacting system
• Strongly electroweak phase transition with U(1)_Lμ-Lτ gauged non-zero hypercharge triplet
• Searching for the full symphony of black hole binary mergers
• Implications from GW170817 and I-Love-Q relations for relativistic hybrid stars
• Astrophysical Black Holes: A Compact Pedagogical Review
• Lagrangian formulation of the general relativistic Poynting-Robertson effect
• The effects of asymptotically flat R² spacetime on black hole image of Sagittarius A*
• Cosmology with the angular cross-correlation of gravitational-wave and galaxy catalogs: forecasts for next-generation interferometers and the Euclid survey
• Probing Einstein-Maxwell-Scalar Black hole via Thin Accretion Disks and Shadows with EHT Observations of M87* and Sgr A*
• Axion-like Dark Matter Search with Space-based Gravitational Wave Detectors
• Vector induced Gravitational Waves sourced by Primordial Magnetic Fields
• Ground-based low-frequency gravitational-wave detector with multiple outputs
• From Geometry to Observation: Gravitational Waves and the Raychaudhuri Equation
• Imprints of extra dimensions in eccentric extreme-mass-ratio inspirals gravitational waveforms
• Horizons, throats and bounces in hybrid metric-Palatini gravity with a non-zero potential
• Signatures of NED on Quasi periodic Oscillations of a Magnetically Charged Black Hole
• Thermodynamics of Reissner-nordstorm black bounce black hole
• The cosmic merger rate of stellar black hole binaries from the Illustris simulation
• GW190521 as a Merger of Proca Stars: A Potential New Vector Boson of 8.7×10−13 eV
• Faraday isolator based on crystalline silicon (c-Si) for 2 micron laser radiation
• Power radiated by a binary system in a de Sitter universe
• Parameter extraction of the stochastic gravitational wave background with peak-like templates in millihertz
• Decoherence of black hole superpositions by Hawking radiation
• Multipolar effective-one-body waveforms for precessing binary black holes: Construction and validation
• Two-Dimensional Correlation Function of Binary Black Hole Coalescences
• Discovery of a Candidate Binary Supermassive Black Hole in a Periodic Quasar from Circumbinary Accretion Variability
• Network-based ranking in social systems: three challenges
• Quantum Magnetic J-Oscillators
• Graviton stimulated emission in squeezed vacuum states
• Non-Gaussianity of Tensor Induced Density Perturbations
• New quantum phase of the Universe before inflation and its cosmological and dark energy implications
• Gravitational wave and electroweak baryogenesis with two Higgs doublet models
• Slow light frequency reference cavities—proof of concept for reducing the frequency sensitivity due to length fluctuations
• Perturbative deflection angles of timelike rays
• Axisymmetric equilibrium models for magnetised neutron stars in scalar-tensor theories
• Quantum Entanglement in Neural Network States
• Scalar absorption by charged rotating black holes
• Non-Smooth Multi-objective Controller Synthesis for Test-Mass Actuation in Gravitational-Wave Detectors
• General relativity [wikipedia]
• Gravitational-wave astronomy [wikipedia]
• Graviton [wikipedia]
• History of general relativity [wikipedia]
• History of gravitational theory [wikipedia]
• Introduction to general relativity [wikipedia]
• Neutron star [wikipedia]
• Nigel J. T. Smith [wikipedia]
• Orders of magnitude (length) [wikipedia]
• Physical cosmology [wikipedia]
• Hanford Site [wikipedia]

Discussions

• 10 years ago today, our discovery paper was published in Physical Review Letters doi.org/10.1103/Phys... It has gone on to be highly cited. But it has also had an impact outside of academia—its @alt [bsky, 16 points, 2 comments]
• Kerr black holes have angular momentum and are uncharged . There is also a Kerr–Newman (KN) type black hole (BH) description, which, in addition to spin, have a net charge. But since it's believed tha [stackexchange, 7 points]
• 10 years ago today, our discovery paper was published in Physical Review Letters https:// doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.11 6.061102 It has gone on to be highly cited. But it has also had an impact outsi [mastodon, 1 points, 1 comments]
• From @adsabs 1 (3384) GW150914 Discovery https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.03837 [–] 2 (1480) GW170817 Discovery https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05832 [+8] 3 (1476) GW151226 Discovery https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.0 [bsky, 0 points, 1 comments]

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