2002/02/06 by Arthur J. Barsky · 6 citations
Neuroscience · Medicine · #Pain Management and Placebo Effect #Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments #Empathy and Medical Education #Nocebo Effect #Medicine #Nocebo #Adverse effect #Anxiety #Side effect (computer science) #Intensive care medicine #Phenomenon #Psychiatry #Placebo #Alternative medicine #Internal medicine
paper · doi:10.1001/jama.287.5.622
openalex publication_date 2002/02/06 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/02
Patients taking active medications frequently experience adverse, nonspecific side effects that are not a direct result of the specific pharmacological action of the drug. Although this phenomenon is common, distressing, and costly, it is rarely studied and poorly understood. The nocebo phenomenon, in which placebos produce adverse side effects, offers some insight into nonspecific side effect reporting. We performed a focused review of the literature, which identified several factors that appear to be associated with the nocebo phenomenon and/or reporting of nonspecific side effects while taking active medication: the patient's expectations of adverse effects at the outset of treatment; a process of conditioning in which the patient learns from prior experiences to associate medication-taking with somatic symptoms; certain psychological characteristics such as anxiety, depression, and the tendency to somatize; and situational and contextual factors. Physicians and other health care personnel can attempt to ameliorate nonspecific side effects to active medications by identifying in advance those patients most at risk for developing them and by using a collaborative relationship with the patient to explain and help the patient to understand and tolerate these bothersome but nonharmful symptoms.