2006/12/21 by Michael J. Kosnett, Richard P. Wedeen, Stephen J. Rothenberg +5 · 5 citations
Environmental Science · Medicine · #Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity #Heavy metals in environment #Mercury impact and mitigation studies #Lead (geology) #Lead exposure #Medicine #Lead poisoning #Blood lead level #Toxicity #Medical surveillance #Adverse effect #Occupational medicine #Occupational exposure #Physiology #Environmental health #Toxicology #Internal medicine #Biology #Psychiatry
paper · doi:10.1289/ehp.9784
openalex publication_date 2006/12/21 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01
Research conducted in recent years has increased public health concern about the toxicity of lead at low dose and has supported a reappraisal of the levels of lead exposure that may be safely tolerated in the workplace. In this article, which appears as part of a mini-monograph on adult lead exposure, we summarize a body of published literature that establishes the potential for hypertension, effects on renal function, cognitive dysfunction, and adverse female reproductive outcome in adults with whole-blood lead concentrations < 40 microg/dL. Based on this literature, and our collective experience in evaluating lead-exposed adults, we recommend that individuals be removed from occupational lead exposure if a single blood lead concentration exceeds 30 microg/dL or if two successive blood lead concentrations measured over a 4-week interval are > or = 20 microg/dL. Removal of individuals from lead exposure should be considered to avoid long-term risk to health if exposure control measures over an extended period do not decrease blood lead concentrations to < 10 microg/dL or if selected medical conditions exist that would increase the risk of continued exposure. Recommended medical surveillance for all lead-exposed workers should include quarterly blood lead measurements for individuals with blood lead concentrations between 10 and 19 microg/dL, and semiannual blood lead measurements when sustained blood lead concentrations are < 10 microg/dL. It is advisable for pregnant women to avoid occupational or avocational lead exposure that would result in blood lead concentrations > 5 microg/dL. Chelation may have an adjunctive role in the medical management of highly exposed adults with symptomatic lead intoxication but is not recommended for asymptomatic individuals with low blood lead concentrations.