Irreversibility and Generalized Noise

1951/07/01 by Herbert B. Callen, T. A. Welton · 67 citations
Physics and Astronomy · #Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics #Brownian motion #Classical mechanics #Dissipative system #Electric field #Formalism (music) #Johnson–Nyquist noise #Physics #Quantum electrodynamics #Quantum mechanics #Statistical Mechanics and Entropy #Statistical physics #Voltage #stochastic dynamics and bifurcation

paper · doi:10.1103/physrev.83.34

openalex publication_date 1951/07/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

A relation is obtained between the generalized resistance and the fluctuations of the generalized forces in linear dissipative systems. This relation forms the extension of the Nyquist relation for the voltage fluctuations in electrical impedances. The general formalism is illustrated by applications to several particular types of systems, including Brownian motion, electric field fluctuations in the vacuum, and pressure fluctuations in a gas.

Citations

• Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen
• Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors
• The Brownian Movement and Stochastic Equations

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