2016/12/30 by Toru H. Okabe · 1 citation
Engineering · Environmental Science · #Bauxite Residue and Utilization #Extraction and Separation Processes #Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
paper · doi:10.1080/03719553.2016.1268855
openalex publication_date 2016/12/30 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/09
Rare metals are less common metals that are generally perceived to be scarce. The media often presents one-track thinking on the depletion of mineral resources. Despite this common notion, the supply of most rare metals – including rare earth metals (REMs) – in terms of the amount of minerals available in known deposits is not a serious problem. Key factors that determine the supply of rare metals are the costs of mining and smelting, and related environmental destruction. These are the major practical constraints, rather than the amount of mineral deposits in the earth. When extracting rare metals from recycled feed material, harmful wastes generated from natural ore processing can be avoided. This is the primary advantage of the cyclical use of rare metal resources. In this article, bottlenecks of rare metal supply, and the importance of recycling, are discussed, using REMs as an example.