2002/09/30 by Paolo Gondolo, Katherine Freese · 1 citation
Physics and Astronomy · #Black Holes and Theoretical Physics #Cosmology and Gravitation Theories #Relativity and Gravitational Theory #astro-ph #hep-ph
paper · pdf · doi:10.1103/physrevd.68.063509
published as Phys.Rev. D68 (2003) 063509 · 25 pages, 1 figure. Replaced with published version. Title changed in journal
openalex publication_date 2003/09/24 · arxiv created 2003/10/13 · arxiv updated 2009/11/30 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
A fluid interpretation of Cardassian expansion is developed. Here, the Friedmann equation takes the form H2=g(\ensuremathρM) where \ensuremathρM contains only matter and radiation (no vacuum). The function g(\ensuremathρM) returns to the usual 8\ensuremathπ\ensuremathρM/(3mpl2) during the early history of the Universe, but takes a different form that drives an accelerated expansion after a redshift z\ensuremath∼1. One possible interpretation of this function (and of the right-hand side of Einstein's equations) is that it describes a fluid with total energy density \ensuremathρtot=(3mpl2/8\ensuremathπ)g(\ensuremathρM)=\ensuremathρM+\ensuremathρK containing not only matter density (mass times number density) but also interaction terms \ensuremathρK. These interaction terms give rise to an effective negative pressure which drives cosmological acceleration. These interactions may be due to interacting dark matter, e.g. with a fifth force between particles F\ensuremath∼r^\ensuremathα\ensuremath-1. Such interactions may be intrinsically four dimensional or may result from higher dimensional physics. A fully relativistic fluid model is developed here, with conservation of energy, momentum, and particle number. A modified Poisson's equation is derived. A study of fluctuations in the early Universe is presented, although a fully relativistic treatment of the perturbations including gauge choice is as yet incomplete.