1998/12/31 by Y. Fukuda, Kamiokande Collaboration, T. Hayakawa +97 · 582 citations
Chemistry · Physics and Astronomy · #Biology #Chemistry #Flux (metallurgy) #High-Energy Particle Collisions Research #Muon #Neutrino Physics Research #Nuclear physics #Optics #Oscillation (cell signaling) #Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies #Physics #Zenith #hep-ex
paper · pdf · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.82.2644
published in Physical Review Letters 82(13), 2644-2648 (American Physical Society) · 8 pages w/ 3 figures new version contains minor fixes, as it appears in PRL
arxiv created 1999/03/18 · openalex publication_date 1999/03/29 · arxiv updated 2009/11/30 · openalex created_date 2016/06/24 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/08
A total of 614 upward throughgoing muons of minimum energy 1.6 GeV are observed by Super-Kamiokande during 537 detector live days. The measured muon flux is [1.74\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.07(stat)\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.02(sys)]\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10^\ensuremath-13cm^\ensuremath-2s^\ensuremath-1sr^\ensuremath-1 compared to an expected flux of [1.97\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi0.44(theor)]\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10^\ensuremath-13cm^\ensuremath-2s^\ensuremath-1sr^\ensuremath-1. The absolute measured flux is in agreement with the prediction within the errors. However, the zenith-angle dependence of the observed upward throughgoing muon flux does not agree with no-oscillation predictions. The observed distortion in shape is consistent with the \ensuremathν_\ensuremathμ\ensuremath↔\ensuremathν_\ensuremathτ oscillation hypothesis with sin22\ensuremathθ>0.4 and 1\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10^\ensuremath-3<\ensuremathΔm2<1\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10^\ensuremath-1eV2 at 90% confidence level.