2025/07/15 by Johnathan P. Proctor · 1 voice
Medicine · Social Sciences · #Data-Driven Disease Surveillance #Disaster Management and Resilience #Risk Perception and Management
paper · doi:10.1080/02684527.2025.2526930
openalex publication_date 2025/07/15 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/06/14
A consistent challenge in the study and practice of warning is that of definitions. This article focuses on the meaning of early warning, arguing that it should be explicitly separated from the terms strategic and timely. Next, it employs a strategic, operational, and tactical early warning framework, discussing the meaning of providing early warning at each level. It then concludes by discussing the challenges of providing early warning and identifies a paradox; early warnings have the greatest likelihood of entirely preventing or deterring threats, but are the least likely to succeed.