2022/07/19 by Tzu-Chieh Hung, Tzu-Wei Hung · 1 voice · 1 citation
Engineering · Social Sciences · #Artificial Immune Systems Applications #Misinformation and Its Impacts
paper · doi:10.1093/jogss/ogac016
openalex publication_date 2022/07/19 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/25
Abstract Cognitive warfare—controlling others’ mental states and behaviors by manipulating environmental stimuli—is a significant and ever-evolving issue in global conflict and security, especially during the COVID-19 crisis. In this article, we aim to contribute to the field by proposing a two-dimensional framework to evaluate China's cognitive warfare and explore promising ways of counteracting it. We first define the problem by clarifying relevant concepts and then present a case study of China's attack on Taiwan. Next, based on predictive coding theory from the cognitive sciences, we offer a framework to explain how China's cognitive warfare works and to what extent it succeeds. We argue that this framework helps identify vulnerable targets and better explains some of the conflicting data in the literature. Finally, based on the framework, we predict China's strategy and discuss Taiwan's options in terms of cognitive and structural interventions.