2019/09/19 by Sait Engindeniz, Zhansaya Bolatova
Economics, Econometrics and Finance · Environmental Science · Medicine · #Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact #Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets #Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
paper · doi:10.1108/bfj-10-2018-0714
crossref issued 2019/09/19 · crossref published 2019/09/19 · crossref published-online 2019/09/19 · openalex publication_date 2019/09/19 · crossref created 2019/09/19 · crossref published-print 2021/04/27 · crossref deposited 2025/07/24 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · crossref indexed 2026/07/31 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine composite flour and bread consumption, and to analyse economic efficiency by comparing Kazakhstan and Turkey. Design/methodology/approach The material of the study was analysed through cross-section, χ 2 and T-test, data collected from the online questionnaires of 269 families from Kazakhstan (131 families) and Turkey (138 families). The families were classified into four categories on the basis of their income level and into three categories on the basis of their education level and age level. Findings According to the study results, Kazakhstan and Turkey families consume different types of flours and breads; the consumption of composite flour per capita has been 2 kg/month, but the bread consumption per capita has been 2 pieces/day. A χ 2 analysis has shown that country, family size, age, sex, income and occupation had a significant effect on flour and bread consumption. It was detected that the price of composite flour products and bread is related to the income of a family. According to the survey data, in Kazakhstan and Turkey, the average monthly income of the families have been calculated as 675, and the average income per person have been calculated as 170. Families purchase of composite flour products and bread has been 6. There is an increase amount of flour and bread consumption ( p <0.010) in the low-income level, but in families with high-income level, there is a decrease amount of consumption. The price of flour products and bread is associated with the income of a family; these products have seen as reasonable and practical products. The income level and age level affect the consumption of flour and bread. Although the education level and occupation of consumers are varied, flour and bread have been preferred by every age group of consumers as a conventional food, whether it is a healthy food or not. New trend of consumption healthy products as a composite flour and bread influences on consumers purchase. Originality/value Flour and bread constitute the main and strategically important food product worldwide. The food security of a country depends on the state of the grain economy and the broad availability of the population. Grain production is the largest branch of agricultural production, and it has an important economic and social significance. The flour and bread were the main economic and political problem thousands of years ago.