2026/01/22 by Wanli He, Zhuofeng Yu, Ziqi Wu +6 · 1 voice
Environmental Science · #Fecal contamination and water quality #Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts #Water Treatment and Disinfection
paper · pdf · doi:10.1186/s40168-025-02253-0
openalex publication_date 2026/01/22 · openalex created_date 2026/01/23 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/29
BACKGROUND: Urban wastewater systems (UWSs) act as reservoirs and conduits for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with plasmids playing a central role in their spread. Despite their significance, the diversity and persistence of plasmids in UWSs remain underexplored. RESULTS: This study applies a multi-omics approach, including metagenomic and direct plasmidome sequencing, high-throughput qPCR array, and whole genome sequencing of plasmid isolates, to comprehensively profile the microbial plasmidome and resistome on 78 samples across UWSs in Denmark, Spain, and the UK. We successfully uncovered an extensive plasmid and ARG diversity that could not be fully captured by a single method, especially identified 78,574 plasmids, including 20,925 plasmids previously unreported. We also observed that plasmids carried a disproportionate share of clinically relevant ARGs, particularly beta-lactamase resistance genes; most importantly, they were preferentially located on transmissible plasmids. Furtherly, plasmids harbor ARG can enhance their persistence in wastewater ecosystems, especially harboring multiple types of ARGs. Moreover, Bacteroides emerged as a unique persistent ARG reservoir not only for harboring and disseminating diverse resistance genes especially in residential-relevant areas, but also emerged as a major driver of antimicrobial resistance dynamics across different wastewater treatment processes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this work provides the first attempt at a holistic description of the UWSs' resistome, its structure, dynamics, and mobility and significantly expands the current knowledge. Video Abstract.