2021/11/12 by Olubunmi E Okunlola, Michael S Lipnick, Paul B Batchelder +3 · 1 citation
paper · doi:10.4187/respcare.09795
crossref issued 2021/11/12 · crossref published 2021/11/12 · crossref published-online 2021/11/12 · crossref created 2021/11/12 · crossref published-print 2022/02/01 · crossref deposited 2026/04/06 · crossref indexed 2026/07/31
It has long been known that many pulse oximeters function less accurately in patients with darker skin. Reasons for this observation are incompletely characterized and potentially enabled by limitations in existing regulatory oversight. Based on decades of experience and unpublished data, we believe it is feasible to fully characterize, in the public domain, the factors that contribute to missing clinically important hypoxemia in patients with darkly pigmented skin. Here we propose 5 priority areas of inquiry for the research community and actionable changes to current regulations that will help improve oximeter accuracy. We propose that leading regulatory agencies should immediately modify standards for measuring accuracy and precision of oximeter performance, analyzing and reporting performance outliers, diversifying study subject pools, thoughtfully defining skin pigmentation, reporting data transparently, and accounting for performance during low-perfusion states. These changes will help reduce bias in pulse oximeter performance and improve access to safe oximeters.