Geant4 developments and applications

2006/02/01 by J. Allison, John E. Allison, K. Amako +94 · 401 citations
Medicine · Physics and Astronomy · #Particle Detector Development and Performance #Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies #Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry

paper · doi:10.1109/tns.2006.869826

crossref issued 2006/02/01 · crossref published 2006/02/01 · crossref published-print 2006/02/01 · openalex publication_date 2006/02/01 · crossref created 2006/04/07 · crossref deposited 2022/01/12 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · crossref indexed 2026/07/31 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31

Abstract

Geant4 is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter. It is used by a large number of experiments and projects in a variety of application domains, including high energy physics, astrophysics and space science, medical physics and radiation protection. Its functionality and modeling capabilities continue to be extended, while its performance is enhanced. An overview of recent developments in diverse areas of the toolkit is presented. These include performance optimization for complex setups; improvements for the propagation in fields; new options for event biasing; and additions and improvements in geometry, physics processes and interactive capabilities

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• Improving Muon Scattering Tomography Performance With A Muon Momentum Measurement Scheme
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• Unveiling the shape of the ²⁰Ne nucleus by measuring the flow coefficients with cumulants in PbNe and PbAr collisions at √s_NN = 70.9 GeV
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• First observation of the charmless baryonic decay B⁺→Λppp
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• First observation of CP violation and measurement of polarization in B⁺→ρ(770)⁰ K^*(892)⁺ decays
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• Measurement of the Born cross section for e⁺e^- → p K^- K^- Ξ⁺ at √(s) = 3.5-4.9 GeV
• SQUID G.A.M.E.: Gamma, Atmospheric, and Mono-Energetic Neutron Effects on Quantum Devices
• Deuteron identification via time of flight with LHCb
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• Observation of new Ξ_c⁰ baryons decaying to Λ_c⁺ K^-
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• Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays
• First Result from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station: Precision Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–350 GeV
• Electron and Positron Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station
• High Statistics Measurement of the Positron Fraction in Primary Cosmic Rays of 0.5–500 GeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station
• Measurement of the B± production cross-section in pp collisions at s = 7 √(s)=7 and 13 TeV
• Search for the rare decay K_S⁰→ μ⁺μ^-
• Search for heavy long-lived charged particles in pp collisions at s=7 TeV
• Search for leptonic decays of W′ bosons in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV
• Observation of the suppressed decay Λ b 0 → pπ − μ + μ −
• Muon reconstruction efficiency and momentum resolution of the ATLAS experiment in proton–proton collisions at √(s)=7 s = 7 TeV in 2010
• Measurement of the properties of a Higgs boson in the four-lepton final state
• Observation of the decay Λ b 0 → pK − μ + μ − and a search for CP violation
• A High Count-Rate and Depth-of-Interaction Resolving Single Layered One-Side Readout Pixelated Scintillator Crystal Array for PET Applications
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• Development and characterization of detectors for large area application in neutron scattering and small area application in neutron reflectometry
• Measurement ofCPViolation in the Phase Space ofB±→K±π+π−andB±→K±K+K−Decays
• Energy Loss Due to Defect Formation from ²⁰⁶Pb Recoils in SuperCDMS Germanium Detectors
• Precise measurement of prompt photon emission from 80 MeV/u carbon ion beam irradiation
• Observation of the decay B⁰_s→ K⁰ p p and measurement of the B⁰_(s) → K⁰ p p branching fractions
• Search for RareB(s)0→μ+μ−μ+μ−Decays
• Pyroelectric fusion using a tritiated target
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• Search for α decay of natural Europium
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• Observation of the charmless purely baryonic decay \mathinner\mathitΛ⁰_b → \mathitΛ p p
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• Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of Bs0 meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
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• Decay spectroscopy of element 115 daughters:Rg<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>280→Mt<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>276andMt<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>276→Bh<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>272
• Nuclear recoil scintillation and ionisation yields in liquid xenon from ZEPLIN-III data
• Precision Measurement of the Mass and Lifetime of theΞb−Baryon
• Development of the MICROMEGAS detector for measuring the energy spectrum of alpha particles by using a 241Am source
• Study of forward Z + jet production in pp collisions at √(s) = 7 TeV
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• Measurement ofCPViolation in the Phase Space ofB±→K+K−π±andB±→π+π−π±Decays
• Measurement of resonant andCPcomponents inB¯s0→J/ψπ+π−decays
• Searching for high speed long-lived charged massive particles at the LHC
• A novel technique for the measurement of the electron neutrino cross section
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• Measurements and optimization of the light yield of a TeO2crystal
• The light-yield response of a NE-213 liquid-scintillator detector measured using 2–6 MeV tagged neutrons
• Measurement of theBs0→μ+μ−Branching Fraction and Search forB0→μ+μ−Decays at the LHCb Experiment
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• First observation ofB¯0→J/ψK+K−and search forB¯0→J/ψϕdecays
• New measurements of B⁺_c decays into single charm final states
• New precision measurement of hyperfine splitting of positronium
• Response of a Li-glass/multi-anode photomultiplier detector to collimated thermal-neutron beams
• Measurement of the half-life of the two-neutrino double beta decay of76Ge with the GERDA experiment
• Measurement of J/ψ production in pp collisions at √(s)=2.76 TeV
• Neutron- and muon-induced background in underground physics experiments
• Observation of \mathrm B ⁺ → \mathrm J/\uppsi 3\uppi ⁺ 2\uppi ^- B + → J / ψ 3 π + 2 π - and \mathrm B ⁺ → \uppsi (2\mathrm S) \uppi ⁺ \uppi ⁺ \uppi ^- B + → ψ ( 2 S ) π + π + π - decays
• Scaling the Yield of Laser-Driven Electron-Positron Jets to Laboratory Astrophysical Applications
• On the role of secondary pions in spallation targets
• Results from the first use of low radioactivity argon in a dark matter search
• Sensitivity of HAWC to high-mass dark matter annihilations
• Cosmogenic activation of germanium used for tonne-scale rare event search experiments
• Search for Neutrinoless Double-βDecay with the Complete EXO-200 Dataset
• nEXO: neutrinoless double beta decay search beyond 10 28 year half-life sensitivity
• Final Result on the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of Se<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>82 with CUPID-0
• Neutron measurements from antineutrino hydrocarbon reactions
• Performance of electron reconstruction and selection with the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at √s= 8 TeV
• Measurement of the<mml:mrow/>8B solar neutrino flux with the KamLAND liquid scintillator detector
• Slow liquid scintillator candidates for MeV-scale neutrino experiments
• Measurement and application of electron stripping of ultrarelativistic 208Pb81+
• Search for the rare decay Λc+→pμ+μ−
• Review of the theoretical and experimental status of dark matter identification with cosmic-ray antideuterons
• Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions B(B_c⁺ → J/ψ K⁺)/B(B_c⁺ → J/ψπ⁺)
• Performance measurement of HARPO: A time projection chamber as a gamma-ray telescope and polarimeter
• Muon identification in a compact single-layered water Cherenkov detector and gamma/hadron discrimination using machine learning techniques
• Study of energy response and resolution of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter to hadrons of energies from 16 to 30 GeV
• Bose-Einstein correlations of same-sign charged pions in the forward region in pp collisions at s = 7 √(s)=7 TeV
• SAGE: a Monte Carlo simulation framework for experiments with germanium detectors
• Development of microwave cavities for measurement of muonium hyperfine structure at J-PARC
• Irradiation and performance of RGB-HD Silicon Photomultipliers for calorimetric applications
• Search for the B s 0 → η′ϕ decay
• Observation of Two NewΞb−Baryon Resonances
• First study of the CP-violating phase and decay-width difference in Bs0→ψ(2S)ϕ decays
• Exploring the neutron dripline two neutrons at a time: The first observations of the26O and16Be ground state resonances
• The COSINE-100 liquid scintillator veto system
• Observation of Z production in proton-lead collisions at LHCb
• Measurement of matter–antimatter differences in beauty baryon decays
• Design and expected performance of a novel hybrid detector for very-high-energy gamma-ray astrophysics
• Tracking of charged particles with nanosecond lifetimes at LHCb
• Vanadium-based neutron beam monitor
• Measurement of the time-integrated CP asymmetry in D0 → K0 SK0 S decays
• Search for the Xb and other hidden-beauty states in the π+π−ϒ(1S) channel at ATLAS
• Search for two Higgs bosons in final states containing two photons and two bottom quarks in proton-proton collisions at 8 TeV
• Search for the Decays Bs0→τ+τ− and B0→τ+τ−
• Measurement of the branching fraction and C P asymmetry in B ⁺ → J /ψ ρ ⁺ decays
• Measurement of the lifetimes of promptly produced Ω⁰_c and Ξ⁰_c baryons
• Search for2νββdecay ofXe<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>136to the01+excited state ofBa<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>136with the EXO-200 liquid xenon detector
• Forward scattering effects on muon imaging
• The DArk Matter Particle Explorer mission
• Development of the detector simulation framework for the Wideband Hybrid X-ray Imager onboard FORCE
• The lead-glass electromagnetic calorimeters for the magnetic spectrometers in Hall C at Jefferson Lab
• Study of ψ(2S) production and cold nuclear matter effects in pPb collisions at s N N = 5 √s_{N N}=5 TeV
• Pulse shape simulation for segmented true-coaxial HPGe detectors
• Exploring the potential of Gloeomargarita lithophora for radionuclides bioremediation
• Study of D sJ (*) + mesons decaying to D ∗ + K S 0 and D *0 K + final states
• Complex analysis of Askaryan radiation: A fully analytic treatment including the LPM effect and Cascade Form Factor
• Investigation of Geant4 Simulation of Electron Backscattering
• Constraints on Oscillation Parameters fromνeAppearance andνμDisappearance in NOvA
• Cosmogenic neutron production at Daya Bay
• Measurement of the t t ¯ tt production cross section using events with one lepton and at least one jet in pp collisions at s = 13 √(s)=13 TeV
• B, D and K decays
• SEARCH FOR GAMMA-RAYS FROM THE UNUSUALLY BRIGHT GRB 130427A WITH THE HAWC GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATORY
• Forward–backward asymmetry of Drell–Yan lepton pairs in pp collisions at √(s) = 8 s = 8 TeV TeV
• First Determination of the Level Structure of an sd-Shell Hypernucleus, F<mml:mprescripts/>Λ19
• Tests on NaI(Tl) crystals for WIMP search at the Yangyang Underground Laboratory
• On the impact of selected modern deep-learning techniques to the performance and celerity of classification models in an experimental high-energy physics use case
• Measurement of Coherent Production ofπ±in Neutrino and Antineutrino Beams on Carbon fromEνof 1.5 to 20 GeV
• Search for a light charged Higgs boson in top quark decays in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV
• Electronic stopping cross sections of tungsten to swift ions and comparisons with models
• Observation of the decay B s 0 → η c ϕ and evidence for B s 0 → η c π + π −
• Application of Macro Response Monte Carlo method for electron spectrum simulation
• Evidence forηc→γγand measurement ofJ/ψ→3γ
• Evidence for the singly Cabibbo suppressed decayΛc+→pηand search forΛc+→pπ0
• Measurement of CP Violation in the Decay B+→K+π0
• A new scheme for short baseline electron antineutrino disappearance study
• Measurement of Muon Antineutrino Quasielastic Scattering on a Hydrocarbon Target atEν∼3.5 GeV
• Measurement of the multiplicity dependence of Υ production ratios in pp collisions at √(s) = 13 TeV
• Dark Matter Search in Missing Energy Events with NA64
• Photoexcitation of Ge<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>76
• Measurement of forward W and Z boson production in association with jets in proton-proton collisions at s = 8 √(s)=8 TeV
• Measurement of the inelastic pp cross-section at a centre-of-mass energy of s √(s) = 7 TeV
• Constraints on the Higgs boson width from off-shell production and decay to Z-boson pairs
• Measurement of the CP -violating phaseϕsinB¯s0→J/ψπ+π−decays
• Amplitude analysis of the B+→D+D−K+ decay
• Development of CaMoO4 crystal scintillators for a double beta decay experiment with Mo<mml:none/><mml:none/><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>100
• Simulation of charge readout with segmented tiles in nEXO
• First Observation of the Rare Purely Baryonic DecayB0→pp¯
• Prospects for beyond the Standard Model physics searches at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
• Search for vector mediator of dark matter production in invisible decay mode
• Design and performance of a 35-ton liquid argon time projection chamber as a prototype for future very large detectors
• Observation of the decay Λb0→Λc+pp‾π−
• A model of the cosmic ray induced atmospheric neutron environment
• Low-mass dark matter search results from full exposure of the PandaX-I experiment
• Measurement of cosmic ray elemental composition from the CAKE balloon experiment
• Searches for B_(s)⁰ → J / ψ p .p and B + → J/ψ p p π + decays
• Heavy resonances at energy-frontier hadron colliders
• Angular analysis and differential branching fraction of the decay B s 0 → ϕμ + μ −
• Search for the Λ_b⁰ → Λ η^′ and Λ_b⁰→ Λ η decays with the LHCb detector
• Quantum numbers of theX(3872)state and orbital angular momentum in itsρ0J/ψdecay
• Observation of ψ(3686)→Ξ(1530)−Ξ¯(1530)+ and Ξ(1530)−Ξ¯+
• Radioisotopic purity and imaging properties of cyclotron-produced 99m Tc using direct 100 Mo( p ,2 n ) reaction
• Can Lorentz invariance violation affect the sensitivity of deep underground neutrino experiment?
• Constraints on New Physics in Electron g−2 from a Search for Invisible Decays of a Scalar, Pseudoscalar, Vector, and Axial Vector
• Measurement of proton electromagnetic form factors in the time-like region using initial state radiation at BESIII
• Signal-background discrimination with convolutional neural networks in the PandaX-III experiment using MC simulation
• Search for a heavy resonance decaying to a top quark and a vector-like top quark at s = 13 √(s)=13 TeV
• Bright muon source driven by GeV electron beams from a compact laser wakefield accelerator
• Measurement of CP violation in B0 → D∓π± decays
• Observation of the Doubly Charmed Baryon Ξcc++
• Observation of the decay Λ_b⁰ → χc1pπ−
• Model-independent measurement of mixing parameters in D0 → K S 0 π+π− decays
• Search for Dark Photons Produced in 13 TeV pp Collisions
• Development of cosVMPT and Application of Creating 3D Neutronics Model for 360-Degree CFETR
• Estimate of the background and sensitivity of the follow-up X-ray telescope onboard Einstein Probe
• Fragmentation and systematics of the pygmy dipole resonance in the stableN=82isotones
• Measurement of the branching fraction of B0 → J/ψπ0 decays
• NEST: a comprehensive model for scintillation yield in liquid xenon
• Measurement of CP asymmetry in B0 s → D∓ sK± decays
• Measurement of the inelastic pp cross-section at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV
• ReDecay: a novel approach to speed up the simulation at LHCb
• The MAJORANA Project
• Angular analysis of B⁰→ D^{∗ -}D_s^{∗ +} with D_s^{∗ +}→ D_s⁺γ decays
• First Measurement of the Charge Asymmetry in Beauty-Quark Pair Production
• Monte Carlo simulation of a very high resolution thermal neutron detector composed of glass scintillator microfibers
• Search for an L − L gauge boson using Z → 4μ events in proton-proton collisions at s=13 TeV
• Observation ofB0→D¯0K+K−and Evidence forBs0→D¯0K+K−
• Measurement of the cross section for e+e−→ΛΛ¯ and evidence of the decay ψ(3770)→ΛΛ¯
• Assay of low-background stainless steel by smelting for the neutrino experiment at Jinping
• Measurement of the k t splitting scales in Z → ℓℓ events in pp collisions at s=8√(s)=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Three-baryon femtoscopy as an effective 3→3 scattering experiment
• Potassium-40 geoneutrinos detection and the Earth's large-scale structures imaging by directional geoneutrino detection
• Search for single production of a heavy vector-like T quark decaying to a Higgs boson and a top quark with a lepton and jets in the final state
• Measurement of the Inelastic Proton-Proton Cross Section at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC
• γ-ray strength function for thallium isotopes relevant to the Pb<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>205−Tl<mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/>205 chronometry
• Searches for long-lived charged particles in pp collisions at √(s) =7 and 8 TeV
• Beta/gamma and alpha backgrounds in CRESST-II Phase 2
• Improved measurements of the neutrino mixing angle θ 13 with the Double Chooz detector
• Angular analysis of the decay B_s⁰→φe⁺e^-
• Observation of the very rare Σ⁺ → p μ⁺ μ^- decay
• Measurement of D± s production asymmetry in pp collisions at √(s)=7 and 8 TeV
• Variational Dropout Sparsification for Particle Identification speed-up
• Observation of the doubly-charmed-baryon decay \it Ξ_cc⁺⁺→\it Ξ_c⁰π⁺π⁺

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