2011/06/01 by Benjamin D. Stanford, Aleksey N. Pisarenko, Shane A. Snyder +1 · 1 citation
Environmental Science · #Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact #Water Treatment and Disinfection
paper · doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2011.tb11474.x
crossref issued 2011/06/01 · crossref published 2011/06/01 · crossref published-online 2011/06/01 · crossref published-print 2011/06/01 · openalex publication_date 2011/06/01 · crossref created 2018/02/23 · crossref deposited 2023/09/24 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/29 · crossref indexed 2026/07/29
Hypochlorite solutions contain oxyhalide species such as perchlorate, chlorate, and bromate that form during and after manufacture. Such oxyhalide species have the potential to contaminate finished drinking water if adequate control measures are not taken to minimize their formation during manufacture, shipment, and storage of hypochlorite solutions. This article describes the rate of formation of perchlorate in hypochlorite solutions and discusses the chemistry behind a series of control strategies that utilities and manufacturers can implement to minimize oxyhalide formation and introduction into drinking water. Factors affecting the formation of perchlorate include temperature, ionic strength, hypochlorite concentration, and the presence of transition metal ions. The authors conclude that with proper manufacture, storage conditions, and handling, formation of perchlorate, chlorate, and bromate can be minimized. If care is not taken during manufacture and storage of hypochlorite solutions, however, perchlorate, chlorate, and bromate levels can exceed health‐based guidelines in drinking water.