A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition
1989/01/01 by L.R. Rabiner, L. R. Rabiner · 22,836 citations
Computer Science · Mathematics · #Algorithm #Artificial intelligence #Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models #Computer science #Epistemology #Ergodic theory #Function (biology) #Hidden Markov model #Machine learning #Markov chain #Markov model #Mathematics #Natural language processing #Pattern recognition (psychology) #Probabilistic logic #Pure mathematics #Simple (philosophy) #Speech Recognition and Synthesis #Speech and dialogue systems #Speech recognition #State (computer science) #Theoretical computer science
paper · doi:10.1109/5.18626
published in Proceedings of the IEEE 77(2), 257-286 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
openalex publication_date 1989/01/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
Abstract
This tutorial provides an overview of the basic theory of hidden Markov models (HMMs) as originated by L.E. Baum and T. Petrie (1966) and gives practical details on methods of implementation of the theory along with a description of selected applications of the theory to distinct problems in speech recognition. Results from a number of original sources are combined to provide a single source of acquiring the background required to pursue further this area of research. The author first reviews the theory of discrete Markov chains and shows how the concept of hidden states, where the observation is a probabilistic function of the state, can be used effectively. The theory is illustrated with two simple examples, namely coin-tossing, and the classic balls-in-urns system. Three fundamental problems of HMMs are noted and several practical techniques for solving these problems are given. The various types of HMMs that have been studied, including ergodic as well as left-right models, are described.>
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- A temporally abstracted Viterbi algorithm
- Learning-based Surgical Workflow Detection from Intra-Operative Signals
- Factorized Asymptotic Bayesian Hidden Markov Models
- Diagnostics and Visualization of Point Process Models for Event Times on a Social Network
- Audio-Visual Decision Fusion for WFST-based and seq2seq Models
- Probabilistic Constraint Logic Programming
- Cognitive Routing with Stretched Network Awareness through Hidden Markov Model Learning at Router Level
- Towards a Mathematical Theory of Cortical Micro-circuits
- Efficient inference in persistent Dynamic Bayesian Networks
- Neural Data-to-Text Generation via Jointly Learning the Segmentation and Correspondence
- Deep Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network: Improving Performance For Speech Recognition
- Speech User Interface for Information Retrieval
- A hidden spatial-temporal Markov random field model for network-based analysis of time course gene expression data
- Introduction to intelligent computing unit 1
- Spiking input-output relation for general biophysical neuron models
- View-Invariant Recognition of Action Style Self-Dissimilarity
- Natural language processing: an introduction
- CRANE: Correcting Errors in Raw Nanopore Signals Using Hidden Markov Models
- An Analytic Framework for Maritime Situation Analysis
- Machine Learning with World Knowledge: The Position and Survey
- Authentication of Smartphone Users Using Behavioral Biometrics
- Modeling and Unsupervised Classification of Multivariate Hidden Markov Chains With Copulas
- The Hierarchical Hidden Markov Model: Analysis and Applications
- Combining Expert Advice Efficiently
- Compositionality in neural control: an interdisciplinary study of scribbling movements in primates
- Wavelet-Based Semantic Features for Hyperspectral Signature Discrimination
- Subspace estimation and prediction methods for hidden Markov models
- Learning to Predict Combinatorial Structures
- Speech Enhancement Modeling Towards Robust Speech Recognition System
- Freezing and Sleeping: Tracking Experts that Learn by Evolving Past Posteriors
- hsmm — An R package for analyzing hidden semi-Markov models
- Estimating Hidden Semi-Markov Chains From Discrete Sequences
- Fitting hidden semi-Markov models to breakpoint rainfall data
- Explicit-Duration Markov Switching Models
- Online Markov Decoding: Lower Bounds and Near-Optimal Approximation Algorithms
- Switching Nonparametric Regression Models and the Motorcycle Data revisited
- PowerSpy: Location Tracking using Mobile Device Power Analysis
- A Generative Approach for Detection-driven Underwater Image Enhancement
- Localising Stochasticity in Weighted Automata
- Recognizing speech in a novel accent: the motor theory of speech perception reframed
- Computer-supported argumentation: A review of the state of the art
- Entropy of Hidden Markov Processes via Cycle Expansion
- Explainable Regime Aware Investing
- Multi-modal anticipation of stochastic trajectories in a dynamic environment with Conditional Variational Autoencoders
- Stochastic Collapsed Variational Inference for Sequential Data
- Combining Static and Dynamic Features for Multivariate Sequence Classification
- Twenty-five years of J-DSP Online Labs for Signal Processing Classes and Workforce Development Programs
- Observed Fisher Information in hidden Markov models - Application to a noisy Gaussian random walk
- The landscape of histone modifications across 1% of the human genome in five human cell lines
- An overview of audio information retrieval
- libhmm: A Modern C++20 Library for Hidden Markov Models with Correct MLE Emission M-Steps
- A Stochastic Grammar for Natural Shapes
- Probabilistic models of language processing and acquisition
- Learning words from sights and sounds: a computational model
- Stochastic mechano-chemical kinetics of molecular motors: A multidisciplinary enterprise from a physicist’s perspective
- A genomic code for nucleosome positioning
- Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis
- Gradient-Based Speech-to-Text Alignment for Any ASR Model: From CTC to Speech LLMs
- Generative Modeling of Discrete Latent Structures via Dynamic Policy Gradients
- Fast and General Automatic Differentiation for Finite-State Methods
- Locating acts of mechanistic reasoning in student team conversations with mechanistic machine learning
- Modeling dependency between operational risk losses and macroeconomic variables using Hidden Markov Models
- Statistical comparison of Hidden Markov Models via Fragment Analysis
- VCM: Vision Concept Modeling Based on Implicit Contrastive Learning with Vision-Language Instruction Fine-Tuning
- A review on machinery diagnostics and prognostics implementing condition-based maintenance
- A Nonparametric Approach to Estimating Divergence Times in the Absence of Rate Constancy
- Bayesian Sigmoid-Type Time Series Forecasting with Missing Data for Greenhouse Crops
- Machine Learning Paradigms for Speech Recognition: An Overview
- Optimisation of phonetic aware speech recognition through multi-objective evolutionary algorithms
- Moving Toward High Precision Dynamical Modelling in Hidden Markov Models
- Outer-Product Hidden Markov Model and Polyphonic MIDI Score Following
- Efficient Learning and Decoding of the Continuous-Time Hidden Markov Model for Disease Progression Modeling
- Visual interpretation of hand gestures for human-computer interaction: a review
- Simplified End-to-End MMI Training and Voting for ASR
- Distributions associated with general runs and patterns in hidden Markov models
- Robotic Grinding Skills Learning Based on Geodesic Length Dynamic Motion Primitives
- A transient component in the pulse profile of PSR J0738−4042
- Bayesian Transfer Learning: An Overview of Probabilistic Graphical Models for Transfer Learning
- Degradation Modeling and Maintenance Decisions Based on Bayesian Belief Networks
- Recent advances in data-driven methods for degradation modelling across applications
- Building Human Genome Maps with Radiation Hybrids
- A Genetic Atlas of Human Admixture History
- Feature Extraction for Change-Point Detection Using Stationary Subspace Analysis
- Mining and modeling complex leadership–followership dynamics of movement data
- A Dictionary Approach to Identifying Transient RFI
- Earthquake Forecasting Using Hidden Markov Models
- End-to-End Neural Segmental Models for Speech Recognition
- Experiment-friendly kinetic analysis of single molecule data in and out of equilibrium
- Finding Approximate POMDP solutions Through Belief Compression
- The Multiscenario Multienvironment BioSecure Multimodal Database (BMDB)
- Regularity properties and pathologies of position-space renormalization-group transformations: Scope and limitations of Gibbsian theory
- Approximate evaluation of marginal association probabilities with belief propagation
- Learning from past mistakes: improving automatic speech recognition output via noisy-clean phrase context modeling
- A New Algorithm for Hidden Markov Models Learning Problem
- An End-to-End Neural Network for Polyphonic Piano Music Transcription
- Enhancing speaker identification performance under the shouted talking condition using second-order circular hidden Markov models
- Parsimonious HMMs for Offline Handwritten Chinese Text Recognition
- A Survey of Social Cybersecurity: Techniques for Attack Detection, Evaluations, Challenges, and Future Prospects
- EnHMM: On the Use of Ensemble HMMs and Stack Traces to Predict the Reassignment of Bug Report Fields
- A Review of Visual Trackers and Analysis of its Application to Mobile Robot
- Leveraging Environmental Correlations: The Thermodynamics of Requisite Variety
- Global analysis of VHHs framework regions with a structural alphabet
- HUMAN–ROBOT COLLABORATION: A SURVEY
- Controlled Territory and Conflict Tracking (CONTACT): (Geo-)Mapping Occupied Territory from Open Source Intelligence
- Emergence of functional information from multivariate correlations
- Uncovering ecological state dynamics with hidden Markov models
- Learning to Contextually Aggregate Multi-Source Supervision for Sequence Labeling
- Representing higher-order dependencies in networks
- Quantifying Time-Varying Sources in Magnetoencephalography -- A Discrete Approach
- Unsupervised Stemming based Language Model for Telugu Broadcast News Transcription
- Post-Selections in AI and How to Avoid Them
- Toward Cross-Domain Speech Recognition with End-to-End Models
- Score-informed syllable segmentation for a cappella singing voice with convolutional neural networks
- DNA Looping Kinetics Analyzed Using Diffusive Hidden Markov Model
- Online Baum-Welch algorithm for Hierarchical Imitation Learning
- How to compare diffusion processes assessed by single-particle tracking and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance
- Machine learning for integrating data in biology and medicine: Principles, practice, and opportunities
- Mobile Collaborative Spectrum Sensing for Heterogeneous Networks: A Bayesian Machine Learning Approach
- A Stochastic Hybrid Framework for Driver Behavior Modeling Based on Hierarchical Dirichlet Process
- V2V Spatiotemporal Interactive Pattern Recognition and Risk Analysis in Lane Changes
- Online Stroke and Akshara Recognition GUI in Assamese Language Using Hidden Markov Model
- Variational Bayes Inference in Digital Receivers
- Narrow Artificial Intelligence with Machine Learning for Real-Time Estimation of a Mobile Agent’s Location Using Hidden Markov Models
- Learning Hidden Markov Models using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization
- Velocity- and Regime-Aware Detection of Intraday Options Market Manipulation, with Explainable Attribution
- Physics-Aware Initialization Refinement in Code-Aided EM for Blind Channel Estimation
- Modeling Time Series Similarity with Siamese Recurrent Networks
- AMNet: An Acoustic Model Network for Enhanced Mandarin Speech Synthesis
- PNE-SGAN: Probabilistic NDT-Enhanced Semantic Graph Attention Network for LiDAR Loop Closure Detection
- Understanding Learner-LLM Chatbot Interactions and the Impact of Prompting Guidelines
- Summarizing Speech: A Comprehensive Survey
- Learning Verified Monitors for Hidden Markov Models
- Automatic Chord Recognition with Higher-Order Harmonic Language\n Modelling
- Machine learning in epilepsy
- The Impact of Multiple Parallel Phrase Suggestions on Email Input and Composition Behaviour of Native and Non-Native English Writers
- Forward–backward algorithm [wikipedia]
- Forward algorithm [wikipedia]
- A memory-efficient dynamic programming algorithm for optimal alignment of a sequence to an RNA secondary structure. [europepmc]
- HMM Logos for visualization of protein families. [europepmc]
- Whole genome DNA copy number changes identified by high density oligonucleotide arrays. [europepmc]
- Lineage-specific expansion of proteins exported to erythrocytes in malaria parasites. [europepmc]
- Shape-IT: new rapid and accurate algorithm for haplotype inference. [europepmc]
- Extensive linkage disequilibrium and parallel adaptive divergence across threespine stickleback genomes. [europepmc]
- T-cell epitope vaccine design by immunoinformatics. [europepmc]
- Determination of parameter identifiability in nonlinear biophysical models: A Bayesian approach. [europepmc]
- fNIRS-based brain-computer interfaces: a review. [europepmc]
- Dynamics of multistable states during ongoing and evoked cortical activity. [europepmc]
- Brain-to-text: decoding spoken phrases from phone representations in the brain. [europepmc]
- Normative evidence accumulation in unpredictable environments. [europepmc]
- Genetic properties of the MAGIC maize population: a new platform for high definition QTL mapping in Zea mays. [europepmc]
- Congruent Visual Speech Enhances Cortical Entrainment to Continuous Auditory Speech in Noise-Free Conditions. [europepmc]
- Physical Human Activity Recognition Using Wearable Sensors. [europepmc]
- Gait Partitioning Methods: A Systematic Review. [europepmc]
- Brain-wide mapping of neural activity controlling zebrafish exploratory locomotion. [europepmc]
- Comprehensive Essentiality Analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genome via Saturating Transposon Mutagenesis. [europepmc]
- PureCLIP: capturing target-specific protein-RNA interaction footprints from single-nucleotide CLIP-seq data. [europepmc]
- hmmIBD: software to infer pairwise identity by descent between haploid genotypes. [europepmc]
- Spontaneous cortical activity transiently organises into frequency specific phase-coupling networks. [europepmc]
- Real-time decoding of question-and-answer speech dialogue using human cortical activity. [europepmc]
- A practical introduction to sequentially Markovian coalescent methods for estimating demographic history from genomic data. [europepmc]
- Current Status, Challenges, and Possible Solutions of EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface: A Comprehensive Review. [europepmc]
- Genotype imputation using the Positional Burrows Wheeler Transform. [europepmc]
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