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A dynamic systems and optimality theoretic perspective on the effect of age in relation to the acquisition of a second language phonological system: An examination of longitudinal data of a young Dutch L2 learner of English and the acquisition of the L2 voiced dental fricative /ð/.

2006/07/27 by Jiong Yang, Kristina Håkansson, Lisette Jager · 1 citation
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Chemistry · Computer Science · Psychology · Social Sciences · #Linguistic Variation and Morphology #Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications #Phonetics and Phonology Research #Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms #RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms #Speech and dialogue systems

paper · doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2006.05.006

openalex publication_date 2014/07/28 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/23

Abstract

We have recently demonstrated that both electron capture dissociation (ECD) and electron detachment dissociation (EDD) can provide complementary sequence-specific cleavage of DNA compared with collision activated dissociation (CAD) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD). However, EDD is preferred because of more extensive fragmentation at higher sensitivity (due to its negative ion mode operation). Here, we extend the radical ion chemistry of these two gas-phase ion-electron reaction techniques to the characterization of RNA. Compared with DNA, rather limited information is currently available on the gas-phase fragmentation of RNA. We found that the ECD fragmentation patterns of the oligoribonucleotides A6, C6, and CGGGGC are nucleobase dependent, suggesting that cleavage proceeds following electron capture at the nucleobases. Only limited backbone cleavage was observed in ECD. EDD, on the other hand, provided complete sequence coverage for the RNAs A6, C6, G6, U6, CGGGGC, and GCAUAC. The EDD fragmentation patterns were different from those observed with CAD and IRMPD in that the dominant product ions correspond to d- and w-type ions rather than c- and y-type ions. The minimum differences between oligoribonucleotides suggest that EDD proceeds following direct electron detachment from the phosphate backbone.

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