The role of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in neuroinflammation

2020/11/14 by Stefanie Haase, Nicola Wilck, Aiden Haghikia +4 · 26 citations
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Neuroscience · Medicine · #Gut microbiota and health #Tryptophan and brain disorders #Diet and metabolism studies

paper · pdf · doi:10.1002/eji.201847807

Abstract

Recent literature indicates a potential importance of the gut microbiota for immune-mediated diseases. For instance, decreased diversity of commensals or an outgrowth of some bacterial strains, referred to as gut dysbiosis, was recently linked to hypertension, colitis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as pivotal animal model of MS revealed a potential importance of microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids or tryptophan metabolites. Both metabolites may influence the disease by modulation of the immune system, mainly by inducing Treg. These studies prompted researchers to investigate the contribution of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of MS. This review summarizes recent findings on the gut microbiota in MS patients and discusses the potential mechanisms how microbial metabolites may affect neuroinflammation. Many of these studies have been performed in the EAE model and were later reversely translated to humans. We also give a short summary on dietary high-salt effects on microbiota components and discuss the potential relevance of high-salt as a risk factor in MS.

Citations

• Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models

Cited by

• Microglia and myeloperoxidase in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases
• Review: The Nutritional Management of Multiple Sclerosis With Propionate. [europepmc]
• Cumulative Roles for Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Endogenous Retroviruses, and Human Herpes Virus-6 in Driving an Inflammatory Cascade Underlying MS Pathogenesis. [europepmc]
• Microbiota in Health and Disease-Potential Clinical Applications. [europepmc]
• Regulation of common neurological disorders by gut microbial metabolites. [europepmc]
• The Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: Transcriptome and Gut Microbiota Profiling. [europepmc]
• Gut Microbiome and Neuroinflammation in Hypertension. [europepmc]
• Identification of Novel Key Genes and Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis Based on Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis and Long Noncoding RNA-Associated Competing Endogenous RNA Network. [europepmc]
• Gut Microbiota Interact With the Brain Through Systemic Chronic Inflammation: Implications on Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Aging. [europepmc]
• Microbial Metabolites in Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Pathogenesis and Treatment. [europepmc]
• Minocycline Reduces Hypothalamic Microglia Activation and Improves Metabolic Dysfunction in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. [europepmc]
• Role of brain-gut-muscle axis in human health and energy homeostasis. [europepmc]
• Innate Immunity in Cardiovascular Diseases-Identification of Novel Molecular Players and Targets. [europepmc]
• Seaweed polysaccharide relieves hexavalent chromium-induced gut microbial homeostasis. [europepmc]
• Under the influence: environmental factors as modulators of neuroinflammation through the IL-10/IL-10R axis. [europepmc]
• Targeting gut microbiota: new therapeutic opportunities in multiple sclerosis. [europepmc]
• Chronic Morphine Treatment and Antiretroviral Therapy Exacerbate HIV-Distal Sensory Peripheral Neuropathy and Induce Distinct Microbial Alterations in the HIV Tg26 Mouse Model. [europepmc]
• Comprehensive evaluation of Dragon's Blood in combination with borneol in ameliorating ischemic/reperfusion brain injury using RNA sequencing, metabolomics, and 16S rRNA sequencing. [europepmc]
• Gut-brain axis and neurodegeneration: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. [europepmc]
• Breaking the Cycle: Can Vitamin D Bridge the Gap Between Gut Microbiota and Immune Dynamics in Multiple Sclerosis? [europepmc]
• Unraveling the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis: Microbiome, Inflammation, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. [europepmc]
• Gut Microbiota and White Matter Integrity: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis. [europepmc]
• The gut microbiota influences neurodegenerative diseases through the gut-brain axis: molecular mechanisms and effects on immune function. [europepmc]
• Research on metabolic characteristics of multiple sclerosis. [europepmc]
• Plant-derived nutritional components in thyroid disease-related neuropsychiatric disorders: mechanistic insights and advances. [europepmc]
• Modulation of gut microbiota and metabolic profiles by Astragaloside IV in a chronic enteritis model. [europepmc]

Related

• Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models
• Intestinal dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases
• The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication
• The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
• Dietary conjugated linoleic acid links reduced intestinal inflammation to amelioration of CNS autoimmunity