Response Sets and Test Validity

1946/12/01 by Lee J. Cronbach · 901 citations
Computer Science · Decision Sciences · Mathematics · Psychology · #Advanced Statistical Modeling Techniques #Clinical psychology #Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation #Mathematics #Psychology #Psychometric Methodologies and Testing #Psychometrics #Statistics #Test (biology) #Test validity #Validation test

paper · doi:10.1177/001316444600600405

published in Educational and Psychological Measurement 6(4), 475-494 (SAGE Publishing)

openalex publication_date 1946/12/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/26

Cited by

• The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power.
• Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.
• The SOCO Scale: A Measure of the Customer Orientation of Salespeople
• Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It
• Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
• Four Years of GenAI: How Educators and Industry Adapted Their Assessment Strategies
• The effect of rating scale format on response styles: The number of response categories and response category labels
• Guess Where: The Position of Correct Answers in Multiple‐Choice Test Items as a Psychometric Variable
• Measuring religious morality using very limited poll responses: Implementing "big-data analytics" to small data
• Response Styles in Rating Scales
• Extreme Response Style in Cross-Cultural Research
• Prompt Perturbations Reveal Human-Like Biases in Large Language Model Survey Responses
• The General Factor of Personality: The “Big One,” a self-evaluative trait, or a methodological gnat that won’t go away?
• The Relation Between Culture and Response Styles
• The appraisal of body-cathexis: body-cathexis and the self.
• Unresolved issues in measurement validity: An autobiographical overview.
• Response Style and Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Rating Scales Among East Asian and North American Students
• Using reversed items in Likert scales: A questionable practice
• An Overlooked Population: Why Linguistic Background Matters in Personal Finance Survey Design
• Item Response Theory Models for Wording Effects in Mixed-Format Scales. [europepmc]
• Item Response Tree Models to Investigate Acquiescence and Extreme Response Styles in Likert-Type Rating Scales. [europepmc]
• How Does the Valence of Wording Affect Features of a Scale? The Method Effects in the Undergraduate Learning Burnout Scale. [europepmc]
• Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Comparison of Two IRTree Models to Investigate the Impact of Full Versus Endpoint-Only Response Option Labeling. [europepmc]
• Evaluation of Eight-Item Vancomycin Prescribing Confidence Questionnaire Among Junior Doctors. [europepmc]
• Explaining Variability in Response Style Traits: A Covariate-Adjusted IRTree. [europepmc]
• Advancing the Understanding of the Role of Responsible AI in the Continued Use of IoMT in Healthcare. [europepmc]
• Evaluating Different Scoring Methods for Multiple Response Items Providing Partial Credit. [europepmc]
• The Scoring Challenge of Emotional Intelligence Ability Tests: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach to Model Substantive and Method Effects Using Raw Item Scores. [europepmc]
• Temporal Structure in Sensorimotor Variability: A Stable Trait, But What For? [europepmc]
• Parenting beliefs about attunement and structure are related to observed parenting behaviours. [europepmc]
• Verification, Evaluation, and Validation: Which, How & Why, in Medical Augmented Reality System Design. [europepmc]
• User Intentions to Use ChatGPT for Self-Diagnosis and Health-Related Purposes: Cross-sectional Survey Study. [europepmc]
• Using IRTree Models to Promote Selection Validity in the Presence of Extreme Response Styles. [europepmc]
• Personality and Survey Satisficing. [europepmc]
• Detecting non-content-based response styles in survey data: An application of mixture factor analysis. [europepmc]
• How does item wording affect participants' responses in Likert scale? Evidence from IRT analysis. [europepmc]
• Child eating disorder examination (ChEDE) interview and child eating disorder examination questionnaire (ChEDE-Q): psychometric properties of the Italian versions. [europepmc]
• Nurses' and midwives' knowledge and safe-handling practices related to hazardous drugs: A cross-sectional study. [europepmc]
• Evaluating the mediating effect of behavioural and biological practices in the relationship between sociostructural risk factors and HIV infection outcomes among Adolescent Girls and Young Women: a cross-sectional study in central Uganda. [europepmc]
• Integrating Emotional Contagion into Leadership Theorizing: Development and Validation of the Leader Awareness of Holistic Contagion Scale. [europepmc]