Small Angle X-ray Scattering for Nanoparticle Research
2016/04/07 by Tao Li, Andrew J. Senesi, Byeongdu Lee · 962 citations
Chemistry · Energy · Materials Science · #Characterization (materials science) #Chemistry #Crystallography #Iron oxide chemistry and applications #Materials science #Nanoparticle #Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery #Nanoscopic scale #Nanotechnology #Optics #Physics #Scattering #Small-angle X-ray scattering #Small-angle scattering #X-ray Diffraction in Crystallography
paper · open access · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00690
published in Chemical Reviews 116(18), 11128-11180 (American Chemical Society)
openalex publication_date 2016/04/07 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05
Abstract
X-ray scattering is a structural characterization tool that has impacted diverse fields of study. It is unique in its ability to examine materials in real time and under realistic sample environments, enabling researchers to understand morphology at nanometer and angstrom length scales using complementary small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS), respectively. Herein, we focus on the use of SAXS to examine nanoscale particulate systems. We provide a theoretical foundation for X-ray scattering, considering both form factor and structure factor, as well as the use of correlation functions, which may be used to determine a particle's size, size distribution, shape, and organization into hierarchical structures. The theory is expanded upon with contemporary use cases. Both transmission and reflection (grazing incidence) geometries are addressed, as well as the combination of SAXS with other X-ray and non-X-ray characterization tools. We conclude with an examination of several key areas of research where X-ray scattering has played a pivotal role, including in situ nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle assembly, and operando studies of catalysts and energy storage materials. Throughout this review we highlight the unique capabilities of X-ray scattering for structural characterization of materials in their native environment.
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