2021/02/04 by F. Gabriele Pratticò, Filippo Gabriele Pratticò, Fabrizio Lamberti +8 · 2 citations
Computer Science · Engineering · Health Professions · Psychology · #Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) #FOS: Computer and information sciences #Graphics (cs.GR) #Human-Automation Interaction and Safety #Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC) #Older Adults Driving Studies #Traffic and Road Safety #Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts #cs.AI #cs.GR #cs.HC
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.02783
Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology
arxiv created 2021/02/04 · openalex publication_date 2021/02/04 · arxiv updated 2021/02/05 · openalex created_date 2022/07/25 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
Providing pedestrians and other vulnerable road users with a clear indication about a fully autonomous vehicle status and intentions is crucial to make them coexist. In the last few years, a variety of external interfaces have been proposed, leveraging different paradigms and technologies including vehicle-mounted devices (like LED panels), short-range on-road projections, and road infrastructure interfaces (e.g., special asphalts with embedded displays). These designs were experimented in different settings, using mockups, specially prepared vehicles, or virtual environments, with heterogeneous evaluation metrics. Promising interfaces based on Augmented Reality (AR) have been proposed too, but their usability and effectiveness have not been tested yet. This paper aims to complement such body of literature by presenting a comparison of state-of-the-art interfaces and new designs under common conditions. To this aim, an immersive Virtual Reality-based simulation was developed, recreating a well-known scenario represented by pedestrians crossing in urban environments under non-regulated conditions. A user study was then performed to investigate the various dimensions of vehicle-to-pedestrian interaction leveraging objective and subjective metrics. Even though no interface clearly stood out over all the considered dimensions, one of the AR designs achieved state-of-the-art results in terms of safety and trust, at the cost of higher cognitive effort and lower intuitiveness compared to LED panels showing anthropomorphic features. Together with rankings on the various dimensions, indications about advantages and drawbacks of the various alternatives that emerged from this study could provide important information for next developments in the field.