Small Sample Inference for Fixed Effects from Restricted Maximum Likelihood
1997/09/01 by Michael G. Kenward, James H. Roger, James Roger · 94 citations
Mathematics · Agricultural and Biological Sciences · #Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference #Genetics and Plant Breeding #Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
paper · doi:10.2307/2533558
Abstract
Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) is now well established as a method for estimating the parameters of the general Gaussian linear model with a structured covariance matrix, in particular for mixed linear models. Conventionally, estimates of precision and inference for fixed effects are based on their asymptotic distribution, which is known to be inadequate for some small-sample problems. In this paper, we present a scaled Wald statistic, together with an F approximation to its sampling distribution, that is shown to perform well in a range of small sample settings. The statistic uses an adjusted estimator of the covariance matrix that has reduced small sample bias. This approach has the advantage that it reproduces both the statistics and F distributions in those settings where the latter is exact, namely for Hotelling T2 type statistics and for analysis of variance F-ratios. The performance of the modified statistics is assessed through simulation studies of four different REML analyses and the methods are illustrated using three examples.
Cited by
- Variance for Estimation and Prediction in Linear Mixed Effects Models Under MAR
- Maize leaf angle genetic gain is slowing down in the last decades
- To graze or gorge: consistency and flexibility of individual foraging tactics in tits
- Bicarbonates in irrigation water contribute to carbonate formation and CO2 production in orchard soils under drip irrigation
- The Conceptualization, Experience, and Recognition of Emotion in Autism: Differences in the Psychological Mechanisms Involved in Autistic and Non‐Autistic Emotion Recognition
- Circle of Incompetence: Sense of Understanding as an Improper Guide to Investment Risk
- Effects of corn silage particle size, supplemental hay, and forage-to-concentrate ratio on rumen pH, feed preference, and milk fat profile of dairy cattle
- Investigating the gaze‐driven reversed congruency effect in the spatial Stroop task: A distributional approach
- Exploring the spatial interference effects elicited by social and non‐social targets: A conditional accuracy function approach
- Modeling Clustered Data with Very Few Clusters
- A Nondegenerate Penalized Likelihood Estimator for Variance Parameters in Multilevel Models
- Winters restrict a climate change–driven butterfly range expansion despite rapid evolution of seasonal timing traits
- Longitudinal association between social media use and psychological distress among adolescents
- Probiotics for Plants? Growth Promotion by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana Depends on Nutrient Availability
- Historical changes in maize light extinction coefficient and light capture due to breeding and plant density
- Habitat complexity promotes species richness and community stability: a case study in a marine biogenic habitat
- Review of Recent Methodological Developments in Group-Randomized Trials: Part 2—Analysis
- Growth and foliar nutrition of a hybrid poplar clone following the application of a mixture of papermill biosolids and lime mud
- Yield and Fruit Quality under Salt Stress in Solanum sitiens Introgression Lines of Tomato
- An adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) for generalized linear mixed models in one go
- Using simulation studies to evaluate statistical methods
- Behaviour and welfare of veal calves fed different amounts of solid feed supplemented to a milk replacer ration adjusted for similar growth
- Nitrogen demand, availability, and acquisition strategy control plant responses to elevated CO2
- On the Importance of Firth Bias Reduction in Few-Shot Classification
- Impact of reduced spectral resolution on temporal-coherence–based source segregation
- Methods for Analysis of Pre-Post Data in Clinical Research: A Comparison of Five Common Methods
- Green investments and their impact on ESG ratings: An evidence from China
- Attentional processing in individual anxiety: Electrocortical correlates of threat- and safety-related declarative memory formation
- Meaningful Associations Redux: Quantifying and interpreting effect size in the context of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study
- Speech Planning at Turn Transitions in Dialog Is Associated With Increased Processing Load
- Aspectos actuales de las miopatías metabólicas
- Cognitive and behavioural skills to prevent major depression among adults with subthreshold depression: 50-week follow-up analysis of smartphone CBT randomised trials (RESiLIENT trial)
- Feasibility and preliminary effects of an individually customizable ecological momentary stress management intervention: A mixed methods pilot study
- Optimizing Efficiency and Convergence in MMRM: Practical Considerations for Longitudinal Data Analysis
- Mixed‐Effects Modeling with a Multinomial Dependent Variable
- Model Specification in Mixed-Effects Models
- Milo2.0 unlocks population genetic analyses of cell state abundance using a count-based mixed model
- Fatigue and Its Longitudinal Associations With Mood, Stress, Anxiety, and Hair Cortisol During the Lockdowns of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Cohort Study With Ecological Momentary Assessment
- Robustness of linear mixed‐effects models to violations of distributional assumptions
- Disrupting Motor Cortical Regional Activity during Motor Sequence Skill Training Impairs Human Motor Visuomotor Skill Acquisition and Learning That Is Not Sequence-Specific
- Climbing and Clinging of Urban Lizards are Differentially Affected by Morphology, Temperature, and Substrate
- Strawberry Desiccation and Gloss in Refrigerated Storage Depend on the Interaction between Cultivar and Time after Harvest
- The plasticity of root traits and their effects on crop yield and yield stability
- Species coexistence and the dynamics of phenotypic evolution in adaptive radiation
- Evaluating Informative Cluster Size in Cluster Randomized Trials
- Digital public governance and corruption: Analysis of a two-way relationship in Africa
- Effects of prescribed fire on soil physicochemical properties in a mediterranean Pinus halepensis plantation: a case study in the Montgrí Massif.
- Soil extracellular polymeric substances and microbial biomass react differently to field induced drought stress in contrasting cropping systems at different wheat developmental stages
- The Jekyll and Hyde fish: Phenotype as a determinant of the invasion potential of Polypterus senegalus Cuvier, 1829
- Accuracy and precision of fixed and random effects in meta‐analyses of randomized control trials for continuous outcomes
- Multilevel Modelling of Country Effects: A Cautionary Tale
- Statistical analysis of two arm randomized pre-post design with one\n post-treatment measurement
- Dynamics of 13C and 15N isotopes in fire-affected soils under rotational shifting cultivation in Northern Thailand
- Declination and Segmentation in Children with Childhood Apraxia of Speech
- Comparative impact of sunlight and salinity on human pathogenic virus survival in river, estuarine, and marine water microcosms
- Individual participant data meta‐analysis of continuous outcomes: A comparison of approaches for specifying and estimating one‐stage models
- Assessing healthcare simulation facilitation using a competency‐based tool derived from practice in low‐resource settings
- Geographic Variation in Diving Behaviour and Skin Isotope Ratios of Northern Bottlenose Whales, Hyperoodon ampullatus
- Shading effects on canopy and tillering characteristics of continuously stocked palisadegrass in a silvopastoral system in the Amazon biome
- Orchard Validation of Resistance to Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Experimental Clonal Walnut Rootstocks
- Design and analysis of individually randomized multiple baseline factorial trials
- Salivary vascular growth factor responses to prolonged and interrupted sitting in young, healthy adults
- Integrating identification and targeted proteomics to discover the potential indicators of postmortem lamb meat quality
- Color and emotion: effects of hue, saturation, and brightness
- The inside out model of emotion recognition: how the shape of one’s internal emotional landscape influences the recognition of others’ emotions
- Effects of esmolol on systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics and on oxygenation in pigs with hypodynamic endotoxin shock
- High‐frequency sonography of the volar digital nerves of the hand
- The efficacy of conjoint behavioral consultation in the home setting: Outcomes and mechanisms in rural communities
- The Impact of Flight Restriction on Behavior, Body Weight, and Health Outcomes in Mandarin Ducks ( Aix galericulata )
- Personality predicts individual responsiveness to the risks of starvation and predation. [europepmc]
- Longitudinal patterns of physical activity in children aged 8 to 12 years: the LOOK study. [europepmc]
- Correlates of objectively measured sedentary time and self-reported screen time in Canadian children. [europepmc]
- Comparing denominator degrees of freedom approximations for the generalized linear mixed model in analyzing binary outcome in small sample cluster-randomized trials. [europepmc]
- Correlates of Total Sedentary Time and Screen Time in 9-11 Year-Old Children around the World: The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment. [europepmc]
- Survivin-targeted immunotherapy drives robust polyfunctional T cell generation and differentiation in advanced ovarian cancer patients. [europepmc]
- Auditory Brainstem Response Latency in Noise as a Marker of Cochlear Synaptopathy. [europepmc]
- Impact of a High-Fat or High-Fiber Diet on Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolic Markers in a Pig Model. [europepmc]
- Perioperative cerebrospinal fluid and plasma inflammatory markers after orthopedic surgery. [europepmc]
- Increased risk of type I errors in cluster randomised trials with small or medium numbers of clusters: a review, reanalysis, and simulation study. [europepmc]
- Proportion of children meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines and associations with adiposity in a 12-country study. [europepmc]
- Loss of CDKL5 in Glutamatergic Neurons Disrupts Hippocampal Microcircuitry and Leads to Memory Impairment in Mice. [europepmc]
- Stability of hand force production. I. Hand level control variables and multifinger synergies. [europepmc]
- Genome-wide meta-analyses of stratified depression in Generation Scotland and UK Biobank. [europepmc]
- Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents at High Risk for Suicide: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [europepmc]
- Experimental evidence that thermal selection shapes mitochondrial genome evolution. [europepmc]
- Lamina-specific cortical dynamics in human visual and sensorimotor cortices. [europepmc]
- Optimizing Detection of Kidney Transplant Injury by Assessment of Donor-Derived Cell-Free DNA via Massively Multiplex PCR. [europepmc]
- Human motor cortical beta bursts relate to movement planning and response errors. [europepmc]
- Communication With Older Patients With Cancer Using Geriatric Assessment: A Cluster-Randomized Clinical Trial From the National Cancer Institute Community Oncology Research Program. [europepmc]
- Clinical quantification of the integrin αvβ6 by [ 18 F]FB-A20FMDV2 positron emission tomography in healthy and fibrotic human lung (PETAL Study). [europepmc]
- The mixed model for repeated measures for cluster randomized trials: a simulation study investigating bias and type I error with missing continuous data. [europepmc]
- Phenolic Compound Induction in Plant-Microbe and Plant-Insect Interactions: A Meta-Analysis. [europepmc]
- Evaluation of statistical methods used in the analysis of interrupted time series studies: a simulation study. [europepmc]
- Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [europepmc]
Related