Classification parameters for the emission-line spectra of extragalactic objects

1981/02/01 by J. A. Baldwin, M. M. Phillips, R. Terlevich · 5,177 citations
Chemistry · Engineering · #Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods #Astronomy #Astrophysics #Atomic physics #Emission spectrum #Excitation #Excited state #Laser-induced spectroscopy and plasma #Line (geometry) #Physics #Planetary nebula #Shock wave #Spectral line #Spectroscopy and Laser Applications #Stars

paper · pdf · doi:10.1086/130766

published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 93, 5 (Institute of Physics)

openalex publication_date 1981/02/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

An investigation is made of the merits of various emission-line intensity ratios for classifying the spectra of extragalactic objects. It is shown empirically that several combinations of easily-measured lines can be used to separate objects into one of four categories according to the principal excitation mechanism: normal H II regions, planetary nebulae, objects photoionized by a power-law continuum, and objects excited by shock-wave heating. A two-dimensional quantitative classification scheme is suggested.

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• Hα IMAGING OF NEARBY SEYFERT HOST GALAXIES
• Mid-infrared Outbursts in Nearby Galaxies (MIRONG). I. Sample Selection and Characterization
• Dust, Gas, and Metal Content in Star-forming Galaxies at z ∼ 3.3 Revealed with ALMA and Near-IR Spectroscopy
• Down-the-barrel observations of a multi-phase quasar outflow at high redshift
• The physical properties and evolution of the interacting system AM 1204−292
• AGN and star formation properties of inside–out assembled galaxy candidates at z &lt; 0.1
• Galaxy Zoo: dust and molecular gas in early-type galaxies with prominent dust lanes★
• Host Galaxy Properties and Offset Distributions of Fast Radio Bursts: Implications for Their Progenitors
• A Multiwavelength Analysis of the Faint Radio Sky (COSMOS-XS): the Nature of the Ultra-faint Radio Population
• Ionized Gas Outflows from the MAGNUM Survey: NGC 1365 and NGC 4945
• The Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral field spectrograph
• Ionized Gas Kinematics around an Ultra-luminous X-Ray Source in NGC 5252: Additional Evidence for an Off-nuclear AGN
• Radio‐luminous Southern Seyfert Galaxies. I. Radio Images and Selected Optical/Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
• Spectral Classification and Luminosity Function of Galaxies in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey
• Dynamics and Excitation of Radio Galaxy Emission‐Line Regions. I. PKS 2356−61
• Towards a complete census of AGN in nearby Galaxies: a large population of optically unidentified AGN
• Resolving a dusty, star-forming SHiZELS galaxy at z = 2.2 with HST, ALMA, and SINFONI on kiloparsec scales
• 20 yr of observations of PM 1-188: its chemical abundances and extraordinary kinematics
• CHAOS. III. GAS-PHASE ABUNDANCES IN NGC 5457
• Discovery of an Active Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidate in the Barred Bulgeless Galaxy NGC 3319
• Diffuse ionized gas in galaxies across the Hubble sequence at the CALIFA resolution
• The host galaxies of radio-loud active galactic nuclei: colour structure
• TWO PHYSICALLY DISTINCT POPULATIONS OF LOW-IONIZATION NUCLEAR EMISSION-LINE REGIONS
• On the connection between the metal-enriched intergalactic medium and galaxies: an O vi–galaxy cross-correlation study atz< 1
• Optical identification ofXMMsources in the CanadaâFranceâHawaii Telescope Legacy Survey
• REVEALING THE NATURE OF EXTREME CORONAL-LINE EMITTER SDSS J095209.56+214313.3
• Galaxy pairs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey – X. Does gas content alter star formation rate enhancement in galaxy interactions?
• The stellar populations in the low-luminosity, early-type galaxy NGC 59
• Imaging Spectroscopy of Ionized Gaseous Nebulae around Optically Faint AGNs at Redshift z ∼ 2
• COLA. II. Radio and Spectroscopic Diagnostics of Nuclear Activity in Galaxies
• Luminous early-type field galaxies at z 0.4 -- II. Star formation history and space density
• A break in the high-redshift stellar mass Tully–Fisher relation
• Decoupled gas kinematics in isolated S0 galaxies
• A WIDE AREA SURVEY FOR HIGH-REDSHIFT MASSIVE GALAXIES. II. NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OFBzK-SELECTED MASSIVE STAR-FORMING GALAXIES
• Observational signatures of a warped disk associated with cold-flow accretion
• MAPPING SEYFERT AND LINER EXCITATION MODES IN THE INNER KPC OF NGC 3393
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: Nature, ISM properties, and ionizing spectra of CIII]λ1909 emitters at z = 2–4
• Stellar populations in the centres of brightest cluster galaxies
• The host of the Type I SLSN 2017egm: A young, sub-solar metallicity environment in a massive spiral galaxy
• A unified explanation for the supernova rate-galaxy mass dependence based on supernovae detected in Sloan galaxy spectra
• The discrepancy in the mid-infrared continuum and the features of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for Spitzer and Herschel SWIRE-field galaxies
• The Discovery of a Hidden Broad-line AGN in a Bulgeless Galaxy: Keck NIR Spectroscopic Observations of SDSS J085153.64+392611.76
• Do galaxy global relationships emerge from local ones? The SDSS IV MaNGA surface mass density–metallicity relation
• Close Neighbors of Markarian Galaxies. II. Statistics and Discussions
• Outflows in the narrow-line region of bright Seyfert galaxies – I. GMOS-IFU data
• A Widespread, Clumpy Starburst in the Isolated Ongoing Dwarf Galaxy Merger dm1647+21
• Spatially resolved direct method metallicity in a high-redshift analogue local galaxy: temperature structure impact on metallicity gradients
• Spectroscopy with the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) - the NIRSpec/NIRCAM GTO galaxy evolution project
• 2D stellar population and gas kinematics of the inner kiloparsec of the post-starburst quasar SDSS J0330−0532
• EXPLORING THE OVERABUNDANCE OF ULXs IN METAL- AND DUST-POOR LOCAL LYMAN BREAK ANALOGS
• Evidence of Wind Signatures in the Gas Velocity Profiles of Red Geysers
• The Late Afterglow and Host Galaxy of GRB 990712
• FORMING COMPACT MASSIVE GALAXIES
• A new sample of X-ray selected narrow emission-line galaxies
• Study of AGN contribution on morphological parameters of their host galaxies
• The Interpretation of the Emission Spectra of the Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 7130: Determination of the Active Galactic Nucleus and Starburst Contributions
• Estimating the Molecular Gas Mass of Low-redshift Galaxies from a Combination of Mid-infrared Luminosity and Optical Properties
• THE PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF WOLF–RAYET STARS IN EMERGING MASSIVE STAR CLUSTERS
• Confirmation of G6.31+0.54 as a part of a Galactic supernova remnant
• A morpho-kinematic and spectroscopic study of the bipolar nebulae: M 2−9, Mz 3, and Hen 2−104
• Boötes-HiZELS: an optical to near-infrared survey of emission-line galaxies at z = 0.4–4.7
• The neutral hydrogen properties of galaxies in gas-rich groups
• Deep spectroscopy of the FUV-optical emission lines from a sample of radio galaxies at z 2.5: metallicity and ionization
• PHANGS-MUSE: the HII region luminosity function of local star-forming galaxies
• How special are brightest group and cluster galaxies?
• Theoretical modelling of emission-line galaxies: new classification parameters for mid-infrared and optical spectroscopy
• Calibration of Ultraviolet, Mid-infrared, and Radio Star Formation Rate Indicators
• On the prevalence of radio-loud active galactic nuclei in brightest cluster galaxies: implications for AGN heating of cooling flows
• Extreme Neutral Outflow in a non-AGN Quiescent Galaxy at z~1.3
• Observational Constraints on Correlated Star Formation and Active Galactic Nuclei in Late-stage Galaxy Mergers
• An atlas of star-forming galaxy equivalent widths
• GASP XXXIV: Unfolding the Thermal Side of Ram Pressure Stripping in the Jellyfish Galaxy JO201
• The Diverse Morphologies and Structures of Dwarf Galaxies Hosting Optically Selected Active Massive Black Holes
• Mapping the starburst in blue compact dwarf galaxies
• Chemodynamics of green pea galaxies – I. Outflows and turbulence driving the escape of ionizing photons and chemical enrichment
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Kinematic Asymmetry as an Indicator of Galaxy Interaction in Paired Galaxies
• A Faint Flux-limited Lyα Emitter Sample at z ∼ 0.3*
• High-velocity Type Ia Supernova Has a Unique Host Environment
• Examining supernova events in Type 1 active galactic nuclei
• Serendipitous Discovery of an Optical Emission-line Jet in NGC 232
• The physical properties of galaxies with unusually red mid-infrared colours
• Tracing the Ionization Structure of the Shocked Filaments of NGC 6240
• Activity of the Seyfert galaxy neighbours
• LeMMINGs – II. The e-MERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies. The deepest radio view of the Palomar sample on parsec scale
• Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): A WISE Study of the Activity of Emission-line Systems in G23
• Empirical determination of the shape of dust attenuation curves in star-forming galaxies
• Cosmic evolution and metal aversion in superluminous supernova host galaxies
• The disc-dominated host galaxy of FR-I radio source B2 0722+30
• The Chemical Evolution of Starburst Nucleus Galaxies
• A new sample of X-ray selected narrow emission-line galaxies
• Imaging extended emission-line regions of obscured AGN with the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey
• Serendipitous discovery of a strong-lensed galaxy in integral field spectroscopy from MUSE
• SHOCKED POSTSTARBUST GALAXY SURVEY. I. CANDIDATE POST-STARBUST GALAXIES WITH EMISSION LINE RATIOS CONSISTENT WITH SHOCKS
• Direct evidence of AGN feedback: a post-starburst galaxy stripped of its gas by AGN-driven winds
• SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF GALAXIES IN VOID REGIONS
• The evolution of the mass—metallicity relation in SDSS galaxies uncovered by astropaleontology
• Local and Global Gas Metallicity versus Stellar Age Relation in MaNGA Galaxies
• THE MID-IR- AND X-RAY-SELECTED QSO LUMINOSITY FUNCTION
• The Seyfert-Liner Galaxy NGC 7213: An XMM-Newton Observation
• HUBBLE IMAGING OF THE IONIZING RADIATION FROM A STAR-FORMING GALAXY AT Z = 3.2 WITH *
• GAMA/H-ATLAS: common star formation rate indicators and their dependence on galaxy physical parameters
• Interrogating Seyferts with NebulaBayes: Spatially Probing the Narrow-line Region Radiation Fields and Chemical Abundances
• The VANDELS survey: global properties of CIII]λ1908Å emitting star-forming galaxies at z∼3
• Ages and Abundances of Red Sequence Galaxies as a Function of LINER Emission‐Line Strength
• Environmental dependence of active galactic nuclei activity in the supercluster A901/2
• Properties of green valley galaxies in relation to their selection criteria
• The properties of inside-out assembled galaxies at z < 0.1
• Modeling the ionizing spectra of H II regions: individual stars versus stellar ensembles
• Towards a More Complete Optical Census of Active Galactic Nuclei, Via Spatially-Resolved Spectroscopy
• Lyα ESCAPE FROMz∼ 0.03 STAR-FORMING GALAXIES: THE DOMINANT ROLE OF OUTFLOWS
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the life and times of L★ galaxies
• THEGALEXARECIBO SDSS SURVEY. V. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE H I CONTENT OF GALAXIES AND METAL ENRICHMENT AT THEIR OUTSKIRTS
• Census of H ii regions in NGC 6754 derived with MUSE: Constraints on the metal mixing scale
• ENISALA. II. Distinct Star Formation and Active Galactic Nucleus Activity in Merging and Relaxed Galaxy Clusters
• Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass‐Metallicity Relation for Star‐forming Galaxies
• CLASH-VLT: Strangulation of cluster galaxies in MACS J0416.1-2403 as seen from their chemical enrichment
• ZFIRE: Measuring Electron Density with [O ii] as a Function of Environment at z = 1.62
• J-PAS: Measuring emission lines with artificial neural networks
• AUTOMATIC UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION OF ALL SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY DATA RELEASE 7 GALAXY SPECTRA
• Searching for Faint Planetary Nebulae Using the Digital Sky Survey
• Spectro-photometric decomposition of galaxy structural components
• Spatially Resolved BPT Mapping of Nearby Seyfert 2 Galaxies
• NGC 6340: an old S0 galaxy with a young polar disc
• Searching for Local Counterparts of High-redshift Poststarburst Galaxies in Integral Field Unit Spectroscopic Surveys of Nearby Galaxies
• PMAS optical integral field spectroscopy of luminous infrared galaxies
• THE GALACTIC SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF OB ASSOCIATIONS AND THEIR SURROUNDING SUPERNOVA-GENERATED SUPERBUBBLES
• New insights into the stellar content and physical conditions of star-forming galaxies at z = 2–3 from spectral modelling
• Galaxies with Wolf-Rayet signatures in the low-redshift Universe
• Are dry mergers dry, moist or wet?
• The highly obscured Seyfert 2 nucleus in NGC 1448 observed with MUSE
• THE PREVALENCE OF NARROW OPTICAL Fe II EMISSION LINES IN TYPE 1 ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
• An unusual high-ionization nebula in NGC 55
• OPTICAL IFU OBSERVATIONS OF THE BRIGHTEST CLUSTER GALAXY NGC 4696: THE CASE FOR A MINOR MERGER AND SHOCK-EXCITED FILAMENTS
• Spectroscopy of superluminous supernova host galaxies. A preference of hydrogen-poor events for extreme emission line galaxies
• On the X-Ray Spectral Energy Distributions of Star-forming Galaxies: The 0.3–30 keV Spectrum of the Low-metallicity Starburst Galaxy VV 114
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: evidence of the importance of AGN feedback in low-mass galaxies
• Searching for X-ray luminous “normal” galaxies in 2dFGRS
• Star-forming Dwarf Galaxies in Filamentary Structures around the Virgo Cluster: Probing Chemical Pre-processing in Filament Environments
• The shape of oxygen abundance profiles explored with MUSE: evidence for widespread deviations from single gradients
• Multiband counterparts of two eclipsing ultraluminous X-ray sources in M 51
• Galaxy evolution in the cluster Abell 85: new insights from the dwarf population
• A parsec-scale radio jet launched by the central intermediate-mass black hole in the dwarf galaxy SDSS J090613.77+561015.2
• The Pillars of Creation revisited with MUSE: gas kinematics and high-mass stellar feedback traced by optical spectroscopy
• MEGAPARSEC RELATIVISTIC JETS LAUNCHED FROM AN ACCRETING SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN AN EXTREME SPIRAL GALAXY
• Metallicity and star formation activities of the interacting system Arp 86 from observations with MOS on the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope
• The host galaxies of strong Ca II quasar absorption systems at z < 0.5
• A Systematic Search for Dual AGNs in Merging Galaxies (Astro-daring): III: Results from the SDSS Spectroscopic Surveys
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: the impact of diffuse ionized gas on emission-line ratios, interpretation of diagnostic diagrams and gas metallicity measurements
• On the properties of the interstellar medium in extremely metal-poor blue compact dwarf galaxies
• K-CLASH: spatially resolving star-forming galaxies in field and cluster environments at z ≈ 0.2–0.6
• Characterizing some Gaia Alerts with LAMOST and SDSS
• The extended ionized gas around the z = 2.44 radio galaxy MRC 0406–244: the nature of the superbubbles and the optical line brightness asymmetries
• The MAPPINGS III Library of Fast Radiative Shock Models
• Kiloparsec Scale Properties of Star Formation Driven Outflows at z ∼ 2.3 in the SINS/zC-SINF AO Survey*
• LBT/ARGOS adaptive optics observations of z ∼ 2 lensed galaxies
• THE HOST GALAXIES OF GAMMA-RAY BURSTS. I. INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM PROPERTIES OF TEN NEARBY LONG-DURATION GAMMA-RAY BURST HOSTS
• The Ultraviolet, Optical, and Infrared Properties of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Sources Detected byGALEX
• Stellar populations of HII galaxies
• Emission Line Ratios for the Circumgalactic Medium and the “Bimodal” Nature of Galaxies
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): SOFIA Detects Spatially Resolved [C ii] Emission in the Luminous AGN HE 0433-1028∗
• An Unusual Radio Galaxy in Abell 428: A Large, Powerful FR I Source in a Disk‐dominated Host
• The luminosity dependence of the type 1 active galactic nucleus fraction
• Star formation in outer rings of S0 galaxies
• Evolution of dust temperature of galaxies through cosmic time as seen by Herschel★
• ACCESS - III. The nature of star formation in the Shapley supercluster
• EVOLUTION OF GASEOUS DISK VISCOSITY DRIVEN BY SUPERNOVA EXPLOSION. II. STRUCTURE AND EMISSIONS FROM STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT
• The Chemical Evolution of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Metal-poor Dwarf Galaxies*
• TOWARD PRECISION SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE MASSES USING MEGAMASER DISKS
• Properties of Galaxies in Cosmic Filaments around the Virgo Cluster
• The KMOS3D Survey: Demographics and Properties of Galactic Outflows at z = 0.6–2.7*
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] survey: Star-formation-driven outflows and circumgalactic enrichment in the early Universe
• SPATIALLY OFFSET ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI. I. SELECTION AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES
• MULTI-EPOCH SPECTROSCOPY OF DWARF GALAXIES WITH AGN SIGNATURES: IDENTIFYING SOURCES WITH PERSISTENT BROAD Hα EMISSION
• Galaxy Zoo: passive red spirals
• CARBON AND OXYGEN ABUNDANCES IN LOW METALLICITY DWARF GALAXIES
• The RESOLVE and ECO G3 Initiative: Drivers of HI Content and X-ray Emission in Galaxy Groups
• The continuous rise of bulges out of galactic disks
• CLUSTERING OF LOW-REDSHIFT (z⩽ 2.2) QUASARS FROM THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY
• Optical Spectroscopy and X-Ray Detections of a Sample of Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei Selected in the Mid-Infrared from TwoSpitzer Space TelescopeWide-Area Surveys
• A Large, Uniform Sample of X-Ray-emitting Active Galactic Nuclei from the ROSAT All Sky and Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: The Data Release 5 Sample
• Active Galactic Nuclei with Candidate Intermediate‐Mass Black Holes
• The host galaxies of radio-loud active galactic nuclei: mass dependences, gas cooling and active galactic nuclei feedback
• Morphological Dependence of Star Formation Properties for the Galaxies in the Merging Galaxy Cluster A2255
• Star formation, starbursts and quenching across the Coma supercluster
• Eight per cent leakage of Lyman continuum photons from a compact, star-forming dwarf galaxy
• On the accretion of a new group of galaxies on to Virgo: I. Internal kinematics of nine in-falling dEs
• Gas in Galaxies
• Interactions among intermediate redshift galaxies
• DUST-OBSCURED GALAXIES IN THE LOCAL UNIVERSE
• THE EGNoG SURVEY: MOLECULAR GAS IN INTERMEDIATE-REDSHIFT STAR-FORMING GALAXIES
• Further Spectroscopy of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in NGC 891 and Evidence for a Secondary Source of Ionization
• Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy of Powerful Radio Galaxies atz= 2.2–2.6
• Escape of Lyman continuum radiation from local galaxies
• Nebular Continuum and Line Emission in Stellar Population Synthesis Models
• The galaxy population within the virial radius of the Perseus cluster
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: AGN and host-galaxy properties out toz ≲ 6
• Probing the Physics of Narrow-line Regions in Active Galaxies. IV. Full Data Release of the Siding Spring Southern Seyfert Spectroscopic Snapshot Survey (S7)
• A radio-detected type Ia supernova with helium-rich circumstellar material. [europepmc]
• A population of faint, old, and massive quiescent galaxies at [Formula: see text] revealed by JWST NIRSpec Spectroscopy. [europepmc]
• Star formation shut down by multiphase gas outflow in a galaxy at a redshift of 2.45. [europepmc]
• A giant disk galaxy two billion years after the Big Bang. [europepmc]
• A tidal disruption event from an intermediate-mass black hole revealed by comprehensive multi-wavelength observations. [europepmc]
• Feedback mechanisms stopping the star formation in a pair of massive galaxies in the early Universe [europepmc]

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