The solubility of calcite and aragonite in seawater at various salinities, temperatures, and one atmosphere total pressure
1983/09/01 by A. Mucci, Alfonso Mucci · 1,171 citations
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · Chemistry · Medicine · #Aragonite #Atmosphere (unit) #Calcite #Chemistry #Environmental chemistry #Geography #Geology #Ion Transport and Channel Regulation #Ion channel regulation and function #Meteorology #Mineralogy #Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects #Oceanography #Seawater #Solubility
paper · pdf · doi:10.2475/ajs.283.7.780
published in American Journal of Science 283(7), 780-799 (Yale University)
openalex publication_date 1983/09/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31
Abstract
We have previously identified the suramin analog 4,4′,4″,4″′-(carbonylbis(imino-5,1,3-benzenetriylbis(carbonylimino)))tetrakis-benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid (NF449) as a low nanomolar potency antagonist of recombinant P2X<sub>1</sub> receptors. Here, we characterize, by two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology, three isomeric suramin analogs designated <i>para</i>-4,4′,4″,4″″-(carbonylbis(imino-5,1,3-benzenetriylbis (carbonylimino)))tetrakis-benzenesulfonic acid (NF110), <i>meta</i>-(3,3′,3″,3″″-(carbonylbis(imino-5,1,3-benzenetriylbis (carbonylimino)))tetra-kis-benzenesulfonic acid (NF448), and <i>ortho</i>-(2,2′,2″,2″″-(carbonylbis(imino-5,1,3-benzenetriylbis (carbonylimino)))tetra-kis-benzenesulfonic acid (MK3) with respect to their potency in antagonizing rat P2X receptor-mediated inward currents in <i>Xenopus laevis</i> oocytes. <i>Meta</i>, <i>para</i>, and <i>ortho</i> refer to the position of the single sulfonic acid group relative to the amide bond linking the four symmetrically oriented benzenesulfonic acid moieties to the central, invariant suramin core. NF448, NF110, and MK3 were >200-fold less potent in blocking P2X<sub>1</sub> receptors than NF449, from which they differ structurally only by having one instead of two sulfonic acid residues per benzene ring. Although the <i>meta</i>- and <i>ortho</i>-isomers retained P2X<sub>1</sub> receptor selectivity, the <i>para</i>-isomer NF110 exhibited a significantly increased activity at P2X<sub>3</sub> receptors (<i>K</i><sub>i</sub> ∼ 36 nM) and displayed the following unique selectivity profile among suramin derivatives: P2X<sub>2+3</sub> = P2X<sub>3</sub> > P2X<sub>1</sub> > P2X<sub>2</sub> >> P2X<sub>4</sub> > P2X<sub>7</sub>. The usefulness of NF110 as a P2X<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonist in native tissues could be demonstrated by showing that NF110 blocks αβ-methylene-ATP-induced currents in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons with similar potency as recombinant rat P2X<sub>3</sub> receptors. Together, these data highlight the importance of both the number and exact location of negatively charged groups for P2X subtype potency and selectivity.
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