The External Validity of Experiments

1968/11/01 by Glenn H. Bracht, Gene V Glass, Gene V. Glass · 581 citations
Engineering · Psychology · Social Sciences · #Art #Computer science #Educational Environments and Student Outcomes #Engineering #Epistemology #Evaluation of Teaching Practices #Exposition (narrative) #External validity #Mathematics education #Philosophy #Psychology #Science Education and Pedagogy #Social psychology #Sociology #Work (physics)

paper · doi:10.3102/00028312005004437

published in American Educational Research Journal 5(4), 437-474 (SAGE Publishing)

openalex publication_date 1968/11/01 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/05

Abstract

Shortly after publication, Donald T. Campbell and Julian C. Stanley's Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research on Teaching (1963) gained the status of a classic exposition of experimentation in education. There have been few attempts to extend this pioneering work, as might be expected of a work so comprehensive in conception and so brilliant in execution. Webb et al. (1966) produced a work similar in purposethat being to identify sources of external invalidity which arise from the reactive effect of measurement. We know of no other

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