ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
1966/01/01 by Joseph Weizenbaum · 124 citations
Computer Science · #Semantic Web and Ontologies #Cognitive Computing and Networks
paper · pdf · doi:10.1145/365153.365168
Abstract
article Free Access Share on ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine Author: Joseph Weizenbaum Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CambridgeView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 9Issue 1Jan. 1966 pp 36–45https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168Published:01 January 1966Publication History 2,074citation19,466DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations2,074Total Downloads19,466Last 12 Months5,621Last 6 weeks843 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Cited by
- Beware of botshit: How to manage the epistemic risks of generative chatbots
- Why mental metaphors do not help us understand chatbot mistakes
- A Framework for the Classification of Personality Components
- History of artificial intelligence in medicine
- Am I Still Creative? The Effect of Artificial Intelligence on Creative Self‐Beliefs
- Reclaiming AI as a Theoretical Tool for Cognitive Science
- AI as Governance
- Does ChatGPT have semantic understanding? A problem with the statistics-of-occurrence strategy
- Interactive Communication -- cross-disciplinary perspectives from psychology, acoustics, and technology
- World Wide Models: Literary Tools for Cultural AI
- Engagement-Optimized Care: When LLMs become Mental Health Infrastructure
- LLMorphism: When humans come to see themselves as language models
- Human tests for machine models: What lies “Beyond the Imitation Game”?
- "My Boyfriend is AI": A Computational Analysis of Human-AI Companionship in Reddit's AI Community
- What Does 'Human-Centred AI' Mean?
- Research Community Perspectives on "Intelligence" and Large Language Models
- Large Language Models Pass the Turing Test
- Human versus Computer Partner in the Paired Oral Discussion Test
- Identifying features that shape perceived consciousness in LLM-based AI: A quantitative study of human responses
- When <scp>ChatGPT</scp> can't Chat: The Quest for Naturalness
- AI Systems in Text-Based Online Counselling: Ethical Considerations Across Three Implementation Approaches
- VET Your Agent: Towards Host-Independent Autonomy via Verifiable Execution Traces
- Ethics Readiness of Artificial Intelligence: A Practical Evaluation Method
- The Affective Scaffolding of Grief in the Digital Age: The Case of Deathbots
- Understanding students’ adoption of the ChatGPT chatbot in higher education: the role of anthropomorphism, trust, design novelty and institutional policy
- AI-RP: The AI Relationship Process Framework
- Minds, brains, and programs
- Investigating the Integrated Digital Interventions Delivered by a Therapeutic Companion Agent for Young Adults with Symptoms of Depression: A Proof-of-Concept Study
- A Human-centric Framework for Debating the Ethics of AI Consciousness Under Uncertainty
- Language machines: Toward a linguistic anthropology of large language models
- Complex QA and language models hybrid architectures, Survey
- In Defense of the Turing Test and its Legacy
- Turn-taking in Conversational Systems and Human-Robot Interaction: A Review
- Humanlike Multi-user Agent (HUMA): Designing a Deceptively Human AI Facilitator for Group Chats
- Game Master LLM: Task-Based Role-Playing for Natural Slang Learning
- Tell Me: An LLM-powered Mental Well-being Assistant with RAG, Synthetic Dialogue Generation, and Agentic Planning
- Knowing Ourselves Through Others: Reflecting with AI in Digital Human Debates
- A dialogic theoretical foundation for integrating generative <scp>AI</scp> into pedagogical design
- Personalizing Emotion-aware Conversational Agents? Exploring User Traits-driven Conversational Strategies for Enhanced Interaction
- Anthropomorphism and the social robot
- TheraMind: A Strategic and Adaptive Agent for Longitudinal Psychological Counseling
- Factuality challenges in the era of large language models and opportunities for fact-checking
- Reclaiming AI as a theoretical tool for cognitive science
- Anthropomorphism, False Beliefs, and Conversational <scp>AIs</scp> : How Chatbots Undermine Users' Autonomy
- AI Narrative Breakdown. A Critical Assessment of Power and Promise
- The generative era of medical AI
- Establishing reference points for artificial social agent evaluation: the ASAQ representative set 2025
- The Dual Impact of AI Emotional Intelligence on Users: Are Social Chatbots Promoting Psychological Wellbeing or Deteriorating Social Wellbeing?
- Students’ Acceptance of ChatGPT in Higher Education: An Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
- What if AI systems weren't chatbots?
- Large Language Lovers: Lived Experiences of Negotiating Agency and Platform Control in AI Companionship
- Solar forecasting methods for renewable energy integration
- Beyond ChatGPT: A conceptual framework and systematic review of speech-recognition chatbots for language learning
- AI and Technology in Grief Support: Clinical Implications and Ethical Considerations
- Generative AI, Quadruple Deception & Trust
- Are lonely youngsters turning to chatbots for companionship? The relationship between chatbot usage and social connectedness in Danish high-school students
- Natural Language Tools: A Natural Language Approach to Tool Calling In Large Language Agents
- Principles of Safe AI Companions for Youth: Parent and Expert Perspectives
- ALLOY: Generating Reusable Agent Workflows from User Demonstration
- The Dawn of the Human-Machine Era: A forecast of new and emerging language technologies
- Harnessing Artificial Intelligence: Strategies for Mental Health Nurses in Optimizing Psychiatric Patient Care
- Beyond Words: Infusing Conversational Agents with Human-like Typing Behaviors
- What Do You Mean? Exploring How Humans and AI Interact with Symbols and Meanings in Their Interactions
- Opinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy
- Grounding Large Language Models in Clinical Evidence: A Retrieval-Augmented Generation System for Querying UK NICE Clinical Guidelines
- Using chatbots to support student goal setting and social presence in fully online activities: learner engagement and perceptions
- Comparing Open-Source and Commercial LLMs for Domain-Specific Analysis and Reporting: Software Engineering Challenges and Design Trade-offs
- The computational therapeutic: exploring Weizenbaum’s ELIZA as a history of the present
- The Rise of Thinking Machines: A Review of Artificial Intelligence in Contemporary Communication
- Why language clouds our ascription of understanding, intention and consciousness
- ChatGPT: More Than a “Weapon of Mass Deception” Ethical Challenges and Responses from the Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HCAI) Perspective
- Artificial Intelligences: A Bridge Toward Diverse Intelligence and Humanity's Future
- Von allopoietischen zu autopoietischen algorithmischen Systemen
- Who is Conscious?
- Safety Mechanisms and Risk Mitigation in Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots: A Systematic Scoping Review
- The Programmer’s Assistant: Conversational Interaction with a Large Language Model for Software Development
- Humanizing Machines: Rethinking LLM Anthropomorphism Through a Multi-Level Framework of Design
- Can I Trust This Chatbot? Assessing User Privacy in AI-Healthcare Chatbot Applications
- Large Language Models and the Reverse Turing Test
- Conversational agents in healthcare: a systematic review
- Vibe Check: Understanding the Effects of LLM-Based Conversational Agents' Personality and Alignment on User Perceptions in Goal-Oriented Tasks
- Towards a Common Framework for Autoformalization
- Assess and Prompt: A Generative RL Framework for Improving Engagement in Online Mental Health Communities
- Neuro-Symbolic Frameworks: Conceptual Characterization and Empirical Comparative Analysis
- HumAIne-Chatbot: Real-Time Personalized Conversational AI via Reinforcement Learning
- The Design and Implementation of XiaoIce, an Empathetic Social Chatbot
- Artificial intelligence in dentistry—A review
- ChatGPT-generated texts show authorship traits that identify them as non-human
- Assessing Consciousness-Related Behaviors in Large Language Models Using the Maze Test
- Influence of Rapport and Social Presence with an AI Psychotherapy Chatbot on Users’ Self-Disclosure
- Can AI Have a Personality? Prompt Engineering for AI Personality Simulation: A Chatbot Case Study in Gender-Affirming Voice Therapy Training
- An Initial Model of Trust in Chatbots for Customer Service—Findings from a Questionnaire Study
- `My Dataset of Love': A Preliminary Mixed-Method Exploration of Human-AI Romantic Relationships
- Why Report Failed Interactions With Robots?! Towards Vignette-based Interaction Quality
- OSUM-EChat: Enhancing End-to-End Empathetic Spoken Chatbot via Understanding-Driven Spoken Dialogue
- ChatGPT on the Road: Leveraging Large Language Model-Powered In-vehicle Conversational Agents for Safer and More Enjoyable Driving Experience
- Mitigating Response Delays in Free-Form Conversations with LLM-powered Intelligent Virtual Agents
- ELIZA [wikipedia]
- ELIZA effect [wikipedia]
- Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Online Social Therapy for Youth Mental Health. [europepmc]
- Self-Guided Web-Based Interventions: Scoping Review on User Needs and the Potential of Embodied Conversational Agents to Address Them. [europepmc]
- Patient and Consumer Safety Risks When Using Conversational Assistants for Medical Information: An Observational Study of Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant. [europepmc]
- Using Psychological Artificial Intelligence (Tess) to Relieve Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial. [europepmc]
- Conversational Agents in the Treatment of Mental Health Problems: Mixed-Method Systematic Review. [europepmc]
- A Chatbot Versus Physicians to Provide Information for Patients With Breast Cancer: Blind, Randomized Controlled Noninferiority Trial. [europepmc]
- Technical Metrics Used to Evaluate Health Care Chatbots: Scoping Review. [europepmc]
- Optimizing Students' Mental Health and Academic Performance: AI-Enhanced Life Crafting. [europepmc]
- Conversational Agents in Health Care: Scoping Review and Conceptual Analysis. [europepmc]
- Artificial Intelligence-Based Conversational Agents for Chronic Conditions: Systematic Literature Review. [europepmc]
- Technical Aspects of Developing Chatbots for Medical Applications: Scoping Review. [europepmc]
- The Digital Therapeutic Alliance and Human-Computer Interaction. [europepmc]
- Utilization of Self-Diagnosis Health Chatbots in Real-World Settings: Case Study. [europepmc]
- Chatbots to Support People With Dementia and Their Caregivers: Systematic Review of Functions and Quality. [europepmc]
- From Text to Thought: How Analyzing Language Can Advance Psychological Science. [europepmc]
- Chatbot for Health Care and Oncology Applications Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Systematic Review. [europepmc]
- An Artificial Intelligence Chatbot for Young People's Sexual and Reproductive Health in India (SnehAI): Instrumental Case Study. [europepmc]
- Mental Health Chatbot for Young Adults With Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Single-Blind, Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial. [europepmc]
- Large Language Models and the Reverse Turing Test. [europepmc]
- Conversational Agent Interventions for Mental Health Problems: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. [europepmc]
- Overview of Chatbots with special emphasis on artificial intelligence-enabled ChatGPT in medical science. [europepmc]
- ChatGPT and large language models in orthopedics: from education and surgery to research. [europepmc]
- Large language models could change the future of behavioral healthcare: a proposal for responsible development and evaluation. [europepmc]
- Exploring the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Mental Healthcare: Current Trends and Future Directions - A Narrative Review for a Comprehensive Insight. [europepmc]
- Artificial intelligence in dentistry-A review. [europepmc]
Related