2004/12/01 by BAS ARTS, Bas Arts · 1 citation
Social Sciences · Business, Management and Accounting · #International Development and Aid #Global trade, sustainability, and social impact #Human Rights and Development
paper · doi:10.1111/j.0040-747x.2004.00335.x
ABSTRACT Non‐Governmental Organisations (NGOs), such as Greenpeace, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Pax Christi, Oxfam and Amnesty International, have become effective political players at different governance levels: local, regional, national and international. In addition, they have contributed to the construction of multi‐level governance practices as well as to a re‐articulation of scale. They have done so, among others, by ‘thinking globally, acting locally’; re‐conceptualising local issues into global ones (and vice versa); bringing local interests to international negotiating tables; and building up ‘glocalised’ networks. In this paper, three cases to illustrate these claims will be presented: (a) the Biodiversity Convention; (b) the human rights regime; and (c) the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). As a general conclusion, the effects of these non‐state, de‐territorialised and ‘glocalised’ practices on the role and authority of the nation state will be (shortly) assessed. It will be claimed that we do not observe a ‘general retreat of the state’, but issue‐specific re‐definitions of its role and authority.