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GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Grounded

2024/01/03 by Boyuan Zheng, Boyu Gou, Zheng, Boyuan +7 · 1 voice · 186 citations
Computer Science · #Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) #Computation and Language (cs.CL) #Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV) #FOS: Computer and information sciences #Information Retrieval (cs.IR) #Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation #Natural Language Processing Techniques #Topic Modeling #cs.AI #cs.CL #cs.CV #cs.IR

paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2401.01614

openalex publication_date 2024/01/03 · arxiv published 2024/01/03 · arxiv updated 2024/03/12 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28

Abstract

The recent development on large multimodal models (LMMs), especially GPT-4V(ision) and Gemini, has been quickly expanding the capability boundaries of multimodal models beyond traditional tasks like image captioning and visual question answering. In this work, we explore the potential of LMMs like GPT-4V as a generalist web agent that can follow natural language instructions to complete tasks on any given website. We propose SEEACT, a generalist web agent that harnesses the power of LMMs for integrated visual understanding and acting on the web. We evaluate on the recent MIND2WEB benchmark. In addition to standard offline evaluation on cached websites, we enable a new online evaluation setting by developing a tool that allows running web agents on live websites. We show that GPT-4V presents a great potential for web agents -- it can successfully complete 51.1 of the tasks on live websites if we manually ground its textual plans into actions on the websites. This substantially outperforms text-only LLMs like GPT-4 or smaller models (FLAN-T5 and BLIP-2) specifically fine-tuned for web agents. However, grounding still remains a major challenge. Existing LMM grounding strategies like set-of-mark prompting turns out to be not effective for web agents, and the best grounding strategy we develop in this paper leverages both the HTML structure and visuals. Yet, there is still a substantial gap with oracle grounding, leaving ample room for further improvement. All code, data, and evaluation tools are available at https://github.com/OSU-NLP-Group/SeeAct.

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