The ERA5 global reanalysis

2020/05/17 by Hans Hersbach, Bill Bell, Paul Berrisford +49 · 1 voice · 669 citations
Earth and Planetary Sciences · Environmental Science · #Atmospheric Ozone and Climate #Climate variability and models #Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations

paper · pdf · doi:10.1002/qj.3803

openalex publication_date 2020/05/17 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/31

Abstract

Abstract Within the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), ECMWF is producing the ERA5 reanalysis which, once completed, will embody a detailed record of the global atmosphere, land surface and ocean waves from 1950 onwards. This new reanalysis replaces the ERA‐Interim reanalysis (spanning 1979 onwards) which was started in 2006. ERA5 is based on the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) Cy41r2 which was operational in 2016. ERA5 thus benefits from a decade of developments in model physics, core dynamics and data assimilation. In addition to a significantly enhanced horizontal resolution of 31 km, compared to 80 km for ERA‐Interim, ERA5 has hourly output throughout, and an uncertainty estimate from an ensemble (3‐hourly at half the horizontal resolution). This paper describes the general set‐up of ERA5, as well as a basic evaluation of characteristics and performance, with a focus on the dataset from 1979 onwards which is currently publicly available. Re‐forecasts from ERA5 analyses show a gain of up to one day in skill with respect to ERA‐Interim. Comparison with radiosonde and PILOT data prior to assimilation shows an improved fit for temperature, wind and humidity in the troposphere, but not the stratosphere. A comparison with independent buoy data shows a much improved fit for ocean wave height. The uncertainty estimate reflects the evolution of the observing systems used in ERA5. The enhanced temporal and spatial resolution allows for a detailed evolution of weather systems. For precipitation, global‐mean correlation with monthly‐mean GPCP data is increased from 67% to 77%. In general, low‐frequency variability is found to be well represented and from 10 hPa downwards general patterns of anomalies in temperature match those from the ERA‐Interim, MERRA‐2 and JRA‐55 reanalyses.

Citations

• Impact of a New Radiation Package, McRad, in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System
• Earth's Global Energy Budget
• Dynamical aspects of the life cycle of the winter storm ‘Lothar’ (24–26 December 1999)
• The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
• The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project
• The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2)

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• The impact of weak environmental steering flow on tropical cyclone track predictability
• Explaining heatwaves with machine learning
• Speed‐up of the Madeira tip jets in the ERA5 climate highlights the decadal variability of the Atlantic subtropics
• Geographic Transferability of Machine Learning Models for Short-Term Airport Fog Forecasting
• Changes in United States Summer Temperatures Revealed by Explainable Neural Networks
• Informed Learning for Estimating Drought Stress at Fine-Scale Resolution Enables Accurate Yield Prediction
• Physics-guided Emulators Reveal Resilience and Fragility under Operational Latencies and Outages
• Assessing Monotone Dependence: Area Under the Curve Meets Rank Correlation
• OmniCast: A Masked Latent Diffusion Model for Weather Forecasting Across Time Scales
• Abrupt increase in Greenland melt enhanced by atmospheric wave changes
• Sources of marine debris for Seychelles and other remote islands in the western Indian Ocean
• Extreme heat risk and the potential implications for the scheduling of football matches at the 2026 FIFA World Cup
• Pan-European atmospheric lead pollution, enhanced blood lead levels, and cognitive decline from Roman-era mining and smelting
• Accelerated Historical and Future Warming in the Middle East and North Africa
• Multi-fold increase in rainforest tipping risk beyond 1.5–2 °C warming
• The ERA5 global reanalysis from 1940 to 2022
• Assessing the Geographic Generalization and Physical Consistency of Generative Models for Climate Downscaling
• Information Shapes Koopman Representation
• Deploying Atmospheric and Oceanic AI Models on Chinese Hardware and Framework: Migration Strategies, Performance Optimization and Analysis
• DAWP: A framework for global observation forecasting via Data Assimilation and Weather Prediction in satellite observation space
• Fine-Tuning Flow Matching via Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Reconstructions
• Adversarial Attacks on Downstream Weather Forecasting Models: Application to Tropical Cyclone Trajectory Prediction
• Multidata Causal Discovery for Statistical Hurricane Intensity Forecasting
• The long‐term impacts of Marine Protected Areas on fish catch and socioeconomic development in Tanzania
• Large model biases in the Pacific centre of the Northern Annular Mode due to exaggerated variability of the Aleutian Low
• Modes of Variability in E3SM and CESM Large Ensembles
• Beobachtung von Klima und Klimawandel in Mitteleuropa und Deutschland
• Reconstruction of Global Ocean Surface pCO₂ and Air‐Sea CO₂ Flux: Based on Multigrained Cascade Forest Model
• Higher Exposure of Poorer People to Emerging Weather Whiplash in a Warmer World
• Global heat stress intensification and its expanding footprint on the human population
• Climate change adaptation of Iberian dehesa: a simulation approach using the Hi-sAFe model
• The Equilibrium Response of Atmospheric Machine-Learning Models to Uniform Sea Surface Temperature Warming
• Will urbanization amplify heatwave risk in Indonesia’s new capital city?
• Project Severe Weather Archive of the Philippines (SWAP) Part 2: Baseline Climatology of Close Proximity Soundings in Hailstorm Environments across Luzon, Philippines
• Pursuing decarbonization and competitiveness: a narrow corridor for European green industrial transformation
• Beyond the Training Data: Confidence-Guided Mixing of Parameterizations in a Hybrid AI-Climate Model
• Quantifying Past ENSO Variability From <i>Tridacna</i> δ ¹⁸ O Using a Pseudo‐Proxy Baseline Approach
• Terrestrial Runoff Divides the Central Arctic Ocean and Shapes the Biologically Relevant Marine Lightscape
• Observed Regional Impacts of Marine Heatwaves on Sea‐Air CO ₂ Exchange
• Marine Heatwaves Have Increased in Frequency, Duration, and Depth Across Southeast Asia
• Wind conditions do not consistently affect large-scale movement decisions of large savanna herbivores
• Topographic effects of Svalbard on warm and moist air intrusions into the Central Arctic
• Atmospheric microplastic emissions from land and ocean
• Crowdsourced biodiversity monitoring fills gaps in global plant trait mapping
• Reproducing GRACE Total Water Storage Change at Finer Spatial Scales
• Air–sea heat flux in the Southern Ocean: insights from 13 years of Southern Ocean Flux Station (SOFS) observations
• Reduced cooling in the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current: investigating mechanisms of change from 30 years of observations
• Entrainment and the tropical tropospheric thermal structure in global climate models
• Hypothesis Hunting with Evolving Networks of Autonomous Scientific Agents
• Skill of Long-Range Forecasts of Ocean Wave Spectra from the Navy ESPC Version 2 System
• DANRA: The Kilometer-Scale Danish Regional Atmospheric Reanalysis
• Improved probabilistic regression using diffusion models
• Benchmarking atmospheric circulation variability in an AI emulator, ACE2, and a hybrid model, NeuralGCM
• Zephyrus: An Agentic Framework for Weather Science
• Learning more physically realistic dynamics in machine-learning based weather forecasting with latent-space constraints
• RainBench: Towards Global Precipitation Forecasting from Satellite Imagery
• Using a citizen science approach to assess nanoplastics pollution in remote high-altitude glaciers
• A semantic notation for comparing global high-resolution coastal flooding studies
• Influence of meteorological conditions and seasonality on PM1 and organic aerosol sources at a rural background site
• Electron neural closure for turbulent magnetosheath simulations: energy channels
• How fast is the frequency of precipitation extremes doubling in global land regions?
• Machine Learning Workflows in Climate Modeling: Design Patterns and Insights from Case Studies
• Swift: An Autoregressive Consistency Model for Efficient Weather Forecasting
• HeDA: An Intelligent Agent System for Heatwave Risk Discovery through Automated Knowledge Graph Construction and Multi-layer Risk Propagation Analysis
• Environment-Aware Satellite Image Generation with Diffusion Models
• Climate Adaptation for a Natural Atoll Island in the Maldives ‐ Predicting the Long‐Term Morphological Response of Coral Islands to Sea Level Rise and the Effect of Hazard Mitigation Strategies
• Near-term Climate Prediction of Agricultural Thermal Conditions in East Asia
• Predictability Study of Weather and Climate Events Related to Artificial Intelligence Models
• Modeling of Precipitation over Africa: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects
• Mechanisms of air–sea CO ₂  exchange in the central Baltic Sea
• Statistical calibration of probabilistic medium-range Fire Weather Index forecasts in Europe
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• Observation‐Driven Forecast of Global Terrestrial Water Storage and Evaluation for 2010–2024
• Bayesian network-informed conditional random forests for probabilistic multisite downscaling of precipitation occurrence
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• Strengthening of favorable environments for North Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis in midlatitudes in a warmer climate
• Late Pleistocene temperature patterns in the Western Palearctic: insights from rodent associations compared with general circulation models
• Fine-tuning Atmospheric Parameters for Improving ENSO Simulation in the Zebiak–Cane Model
• Rapid contemporary shrinking and loss of ice-capped summits in the western United States
• Sizing the largest ocean waves using the SWOT mission
• Simple physics-based adjustments reconcile the results of Eulerian and Lagrangian techniques for moisture tracking in atmospheric rivers
• Geo-Disasters: geocoding climate-related events in the international disaster database EM-DAT
• A Weather Foundation Model for the Power Grid
• Impacts of warming on outdoor worker well-being in the tropics and adaptation options
• A Spatially Explicit Uncertainty Analysis of the Air‐Sea CO₂ Flux From Observations
• Global analysis of temporal clusters of storm surges
• Air‐Sea Heat and Moisture Flux Gradients
• Making Sense of Uncertainties: Ask the Right Question
• Weather conditions severely impact optimal direct air capture siting
• Contrasting impacts of two mesoscale cyclones on the South Shetland Islands' glaciers, northern Antarctic Peninsula
• The dynamics of slow‐moving coherent cyclonic potential vorticity anomalies and their links to heavy rainfall over the eastern seaboard of Australia
• Inferring Tectonic Plate Rotations From InSAR Time Series
• Removing ENSO’s Influence from Global SST Variability, with Insights into the Record-Setting Marine Heat Waves of 2023–24
• Too‐stable North Atlantic climate system in CMIP6 experiments undermines precipitation projections in Europe
• Poleward shift of subtropical highs drives Patagonian glacier mass loss
• Panta Rhei: a decade of progress in research on change in hydrology and society
• Atmosphere to Surface Profiles of Water‐Vapor Isotopes and Meteorological Conditions Over the Northeast Greenland Ice Sheet
• Estimation of seasonal methane fluxes over a Mediterranean rice paddy area using the Radon Tracer Method (RTM)
• Observing system requirements for measuring high-frequency air–sea fluxes in the Southern Ocean
• Underestimation of oceanic carbon uptake in the Arctic Ocean: ice melt as predictor of the sea ice carbon pump
• The Labrador Current cold front shaping the Atlantic salmon homing migration routes from the waters off Southern Greenland to eastern North America
• Scalable data assimilation with message passing
• Land Data Assimilation: Harmonizing Theory and Data in Land Surface Process Studies
• Large increase in extreme fire weather synchronicity over Europe
• Modelled marine migrations of Atlantic salmon post-smolts from Irish and Scottish rivers vary interannually with local currents and salinity
• Lessons learned from the co-development of operational climate forecast services for vineyards management
• Differing Trends in United States and European Severe Thunderstorm Environments in a Warming Climate
• Nine months of daily LiDAR, orthophotos and MetOcean data from the eroding soft cliff coast at Happisburgh, UK
• Deep Circulation Variability through the Eastern Subpolar North Atlantic
• Increases in the Local Eddy Energetics of the Extratropical Atmosphere over the Last Four Decades
• Future emergence of new ecosystems caused by glacial retreat
• The compound event that triggered the destructive fires of October 2017 in Portugal
• Sensitivity of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink to the Ocean Skin in a Climate Model
• Super El Niño events drive climate regime shifts with enhanced risks under global warming
• From signals to states: biologger-based classification of seabass welfare states in sea-cages
• Emergence of Uncompensable Heat Stress During Monsoon Season in India
• Multidecadal Atlantic “Warming Hole” Heat Content Variations Are Caused by Ocean Heat Transport, Not by Surface Fluxes
• Model Training, Data Assimilation, and Forecast Experiments with a Hybrid Atmospheric Model that Incorporates Machine Learning
• Forecasting the Future with Yesterday's Climate: Temperature Bias in AI Weather and Climate Models
• Identifying gene-level mechanisms of successful dispersal of Vibrio parahaemolyticus during El Niño events
• Ecohydrological Variables Underlie Local Moisture Recycling in Mediterranean‐Type Climates
• Task-Adaptive Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Weather Foundation Models
• Reparameterizing 4DVAR with neural fields
• Multi-modal Bayesian Neural Network Surrogates with Conjugate Last-Layer Estimation
• AutoClimDS: Climate Data Science Agentic AI -- A Knowledge Graph is All You Need
• A sub-hourly spatio-temporal statistical model for solar irradiance in Ireland using open-source data
• The Impact of Decarbonization on Particulate Soiling of Solar Panels
• Incomplete Data, Complete Dynamics: A Diffusion Approach
• It is snowing microplastics in Western Siberia
• Toward the Direct Simulation of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in a Global Storm‐Resolving Model
• Genomic Offset Analyses: Mind Your Climate Variables
• Observed multi-decadal increase in the surface ocean’s thermal inertia
• Global warming acceleration in satellite observed lower-tropospheric temperature
• Tropical precipitation response to anthropogenic climate change in recent decades
• Disentangling seasonal and annual precipitation signals in the tropics over the Holocene: Insights from δD, alkanes and GDGTs
• Variation in reporting of heatstroke mortality: evidence from a multi-country study
• A foundation model of numerical intelligence with cross-disciplinary generalization
• Spatio-temporal Trends of Air Pollution in Six South American Cities
• Assessing Past and Future Temperature‐ and Precipitation‐Based Indicators in the Republic of Yemen
• Post-2000 faster ENSO phase transitions amplify autumn sea ice loss in the Laptev–East Siberian Sea
• Improved High Resolution Heat Exposure Assessment With Personal Weather Stations and Spatiotemporal Bayesian Models
• A Novel Metric for Quantifying Precipitation-Driven Variability in Global Terrestrial Water Storage
• Context-Informed Ship Trajectory Prediction via Conditional Attention
• Linking ENSO to Synoptic Weather Systems in Eastern Australia
• Atmospheric dust: cluster based frequency and intensity projections in Central Asia under SSP scenarios
• The Importance of Contemporaneous Wind and <i>p</i>CO₂ Measurements for Regional Air‐Sea CO₂ Flux Estimates
• Can AI Weather Models Predict Beyond Two Weeks? A Quantitative Benchmark and Analysis of Long Rollouts
• A Big Chill: Examining an Extremely Sharp Cold Front from Three Perspectives
• Reduction of Residence Time of Air in the Arctic Since the 1980s
• Predicted yield and soil organic carbon changes in agroforestry, woodland, grassland, and arable systems under climate change in a cool temperate Atlantic climate
• A Global Increase in Nearshore Tropical Cyclone Intensification
• The Remarkable 2024 North Atlantic Mid‐Season Hurricane Lull
• Climate change impacts on ocean light in Arctic ecosystems
• The Stirring Tropics: Theory of Moisture Mode–Hadley Cell Interactions
• Lack of influence of cross-equatorial ocean heat transport on the interannual variability of the indian summer monsoon
• The Role of the North Atlantic for Heat Wave Characteristics in Europe, an ECHAM6 Study
• Burden of Non-communicable Diseases Attributable to High and Low Ambient Temperatures, 1990–2031: A Forecasting Analysis for GBD 2021
• GRACE TWSA Data Assimilation in Land Surface Models‐The Role of State Vector and Model Uncertainty Representation
• Reproductive senescence in a polymorphic raptor: phenotypic, sex, and environmental effects
• Long‐Term Variability of Homogenized GPS‐Derived Precipitable Water Vapor Over Chinese Stations (2000–2020)
• Evaluation of Global NWP Data on the Convection Environment over the Data-Sparse Northern South China Sea by Long-Term Observations
• Multi‐Scale Spatiotemporal Community Structure of Organised Convective Clouds Over the Tropics
• Processes Driving Drift‐Ice Evolution and Its Interaction With the Oceanic and Atmospheric Boundary Layers
• Spatiotemporal variability of surface-based temperature inversions in high-latitude northcentral Yukon valleys utilizing a dense network of elevation transects
• Greater Impacts of Summer Central Pacific ENSO on the Cross-Equatorial Flows over the Maritime Continent Compared with Eastern Pacific ENSO
• Impacts of urban adaptation on reducing temperatures and heat-related deaths in Belgium
• A suite of coupled ocean-sea ice simulations examining the effect of regime shift in sea-ice thickness distribution on ice–ocean interaction in the Arctic Ocean
• Do the S2S Models Have Prediction Skills beyond the Weather Timescale for Winter Snowfall over Eastern China?
• Variations in Summer Extreme Heat Events in the Mongolian Plateau: Role of the Soil Moisture over the Inner Tibetan Plateau
• Climate impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation in Africa
• Assessing improvements in global ocean <i>p</i> CO ₂ machine learning reconstructions with Southern Ocean autonomous sampling
• Increased Drought Synchronicity in Indian Rivers Under Anthropogenic Warming
• Satellite‐Based Analysis of CO ₂ Emissions From Global Cities: Regional, Economic, and Demographic Attributes
• The role of global installed wind energy in mitigating CO2 emission and temperature rising
• Combined Impacts of Southern Annular Mode and Zonal Wave 3 on Antarctic Sea Ice Variability
• Chlorophyll Production in the Amundsen Sea Boosts Heat Flux to Atmosphere and Weakens Heat Flux to Ice Shelves
• Modulation of Tropical Cyclone Tracks and Rainfall by the North Atlantic Oscillation
• The Seasonality of Greenland Iceberg Melt and Its Influences on Fjord Properties and Dynamics
• Benefits of a Landfast Ice Representation on Simulated Antarctic Sea Ice and Coastal Polynya Dynamics
• Strong regional trends in extreme weather over the next two decades under high- and low-emissions pathways
• ESA CCI Soil Moisture GAPFILLED: an independent global gap-free satellite climate data record with uncertainty estimates
• A Millennium of ENSO Influence on Jet Stream Driven Summer Climate Extremes
• Unprecedented warming and salinization observed in the deep Adriatic
• Turbine location-aware multi-decadal wind power predictions for Germany using CMIP6
• Svalbard's Record‐Breaking Arctic Summer 2024: Anomalies Beyond Climatological Warming Trends
• Widespread potential for streamflow leakage across Brazil
• A Wavier Polar Jet Stream Contributed to the Mid‐20th Century Winter Warming Hole in the United States
• Downslope solifluction movements and permafrost degradation in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau revealed by InSAR
• <i>pyVPRM</i> : a next-generation vegetation photosynthesis and respiration model for the post-MODIS era
• Future climate-driven fires may boost ocean productivity in the iron-limited North Atlantic
• Synergistic impact of marine heat waves and rapid intensification exacerbates tropical cyclone destructive power worldwide
• The Need for Better Monitoring of Climate Change in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere
• Air–sea interaction in medicanes with atmosphere–ocean–wave coupled regional climate simulations
• Ocean Heat Uptake Efficiency Increase Since 1970
• A Multiscale Evaluation of the Wet 2022 in Eastern Australia
• Record Warmth and Unprecedented Drop in Equatorial Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures in 2024
• A traceable global warming record and clarity for the 1.5 °C and well-below-2 °C goals
• Exploring the atmospheric and ecological impacts of a major dust storm: Insights from WRF–Chem simulations
• Improvement in wintertime mixed layer depth simulation by CMIP6 compared to CMIP5 climate models
• Recent Weakening of the Global Radiative Feedback
• Soil and vegetation responses to biochar application in terms of its feedback on carbon sequestration under different environmental conditions—LiDELS model overview
• Spatial and temporal variations in sea surface pCO2 and air-sea flux of CO2 in the Bering Sea revealed by satellite-based data during 2003–2019
• Atmospheric Water Vapor Transport between Ocean and Land under Climate Warming
• The merit of the North Sea‐Caspian pattern in explaining climate variability in the <scp>Euro‐Mediterranean</scp> region
• Modelling the effects of diurnal temperature variation on malaria infection dynamics in mosquitoes
• Tracking data as an alternative to resighting data for inferring population ranges
• Hunting for gravity waves in non-orographic winter storms using 3+ years of regional surface air pressure network and radar observations
• Evaluation of 30 urban land surface models in the <scp>Urban‐PLUMBER</scp> project: Phase 1 results
• Amplification of annual and diurnal cycles of alpine lightning
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• Automated detection of regions with persistently enhanced methane concentrations using Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite data
• Modeling of spatial extremes in environmental data science: time to move away from max-stable processes
• Future changes in compound explosive cyclones and atmospheric rivers in the North Atlantic
• Data supporting the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study (ACSIS) programme, including atmospheric composition; oceanographic and sea-ice observations (2016–2022); and output from ocean, atmosphere, land, and sea-ice models (1950–2050)
• Multimodal learning–based reconstruction of high-resolution spatial wind speed fields
• Farm‐level agricultural productivity and adaptation to extreme heat
• Major Role of Marine Heatwave and Anthropogenic Climate Change on a Giant Hail Event in Spain
• Unraveling the Indian monsoon’s role in fueling the unprecedented 2022 Marine Heatwave in the Western North Pacific
• Seismoacoustic Coupled Signals from the 11 July 2020 Ms 5.1 Tangshan, China, Earthquake
• Acceleration of the ocean warming from 1961 to 2022 unveiled by large-ensemble reanalyses
• A weakened diurnal weather constraint leads to longer burning hours in North America
• Comparing Temperature Data Sets for Small‐Area Assessment of Climate and Health: A Case Study of Diarrhea in New York City
• Habitat suitability for desert locust across arid and semi-arid regions of India
• Improved closure of the global mean sea level budget from observational advances since 1960
• The True Cost of Heat: Evaluating Heat‐Related Mortality Estimation Methods in Texas
• Evaluation of geophysical and anthropogenic sources of hydroacoustic noise in the Alaskan arctic
• Deadly heat stress conditions are already occurring
• Evaluating Soil Carbon Models for Sub‐Saharan Africa: Revealing Knowledge Gaps in Subtropical and Tropical Soil Biogeochemistry
• Ambient heat and early childhood development: a cross‐national analysis
• Water isotope–temperature relationship variability across Antarctica set by atmospheric circulation
• Unprecedented 2024 East Antarctic winter heatwave driven by polar vortex weakening and amplified by anthropogenic warming
• Large-scale aggregation of humid heatwaves exacerbated by coastal oceanic warming
• Extreme rainfall over land exacerbated by marine heatwaves
• Recent extremes in Antarctic sea ice extent modulated by ocean heat ventilation
• Global Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Neural Weather Models
• Föhn-induced melting over Larsen C modulated by atmospheric river shape, direction and landfall location
• Assessment of snow water equivalent characteristics in time and space over the Mackenzie River basin
• Inversion of Aerosol Optical Depth: Incorporating Multimodel Approach
• Ecological and environmental controls on plant wax production and stable isotope fractionation in modern terrestrial Arctic vegetation
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• Improved Simulation of East Asian Summer Monsoon in the High-resolution CESM1 and Its Causes
• Ecological Niche Modeling of the Narrow-Range Endangered Endemic Lepidium olgae in Uzbekistan
• Dynamical and Radiative Influence on the Hadley Circulation by Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions
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• Relating Wind Stress Variability to the Oceanic Spawning Habitat of Jack Mackerel ( <scp> <i>Trachurus murphyi</i> </scp> ) Off Central Chile
• Training-Free Data Assimilation with GenCast
• Discovering strategies for coastal resilience with AI-based prediction and optimization
• Technical overview and architecture of the FastNet Machine Learning weather prediction model, version 1.0
• FastNet: Improving the physical consistency of machine-learning weather prediction models through loss function design
• STCast: Adaptive Boundary Alignment for Global and Regional Weather Forecasting
• The global water resources and use model WaterGAP v2.2d: model description and evaluation
• FlowCast-ODE: Continuous Hourly Weather Forecasting with Dynamic Flow Matching and ODE Solver
• SODA4: a mesoscale ocean/sea ice reanalysis 1980-2024
• Effect of pop-up bike lanes on cycling in European cities
• AERIS: Argonne Earth Systems Model for Reliable and Skillful Predictions
• B-TGAT: A Bi-directional Temporal Graph Attention Transformer for Clustering Multivariate Spatiotemporal Data
• A novel pointing technique for the enhancement of Tropospheric Delay Calibration System performances
• Synergistic effects of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole on Middle Eastern subseasonal precipitation variability and predictability
• Homogeneous soil moisture fields suppress Sahelian MCS frequency
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• Seasonal forecasting using the GenCast probabilistic machine learning model
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• Accurate medium-range global weather forecasting with 3D neural networks
• Finetuning AI Foundation Models to Develop Subgrid-Scale Parameterizations: A Case Study on Atmospheric Gravity Waves
• Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters
• Generative artificial intelligence improves projections of climate extremes
• MAUSAM: An Observations-focused assessment of Global AI Weather Prediction Models During the South Asian Monsoon
• FuXi-TC: A generative framework integrating deep learning and physics-based models for improved tropical cyclone forecasts
• Goal-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning for Data-Driven Maritime Navigation
• Modulation of tropical cyclone rapid intensification by mesoscale asymmetries
• When LLM Meets Time Series: Can LLMs Perform Multi-Step Time Series Reasoning and Inference
• DeepSeasons: a Deep Learning scale-selecting approach to Seasonal Forecasts
• IndiaWeatherBench: A Dataset and Benchmark for Data-Driven Regional Weather Forecasting over India
• Validating Deep Learning Weather Forecast Models on Recent High-Impact Extreme Events
• Huracan: A skillful end-to-end data-driven system for ensemble data assimilation and weather prediction
• Optimal heat stress metric for modelling heat‐related mortality varies from country to country
• Learning from nature: insights into GraphDOP's representations of the Earth System
• GEN2: A Generative Prediction-Correction Framework for Long-time Emulations of Spatially-Resolved Climate Extremes
• Global patterns of extreme temperature teleconnections using climate network analysis
• Engaging young people for a more inclusive national energy transition: A participatory modelling framework
• MedFormer: a data-driven model for forecasting the Mediterranean Sea
• Use of 1D-CNN for input data size reduction of LSTM in Hourly Rainfall-Runoff modeling
• Knowledge-guided machine learning for disentangling Pacific sea surface temperature variability across timescales
• Energy Consumption in Parallel Neural Network Training
• Lightning Prediction under Uncertainty: DeepLight with Hazy Loss
• MeteorPred: A Meteorological Multimodal Large Model and Dataset for Severe Weather Event Prediction
• Can Multitask Learning Enhance Model Explainability?
• Diffeomorphic Neural Operator Learning
• Multi-year La Niña–El Niño transition influenced Earth’s extreme energy uptake in 2022–2023
• Towards a Canadian National water quality model: challenges and opportunities
• Land surface dynamics and meteorological forcings modulate land surface temperature characteristics
• Multivariate Drought Monitoring, Propagation, and Projection Using Bias‐Corrected General Circulation Models
• Land use and land cover dynamics: Implications for thermal stress and energy demands
• MOHYSE – a simple lumped hydrological model for educational and research purposes
• Identifying vulnerability factors associated with heatwave mortality: a spatial statistical analysis across Europe
• Attributing the decadal variations in springtime East Asian and North American dust emission to regime shifts in extratropical cyclone
• The key role of Mediterranean and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures on the 2024 record-breaking Valencia precipitation event
• Observed and Modeled Trends in Downward Surface Shortwave Radiation Over Land: Drivers and Discrepancies
• Machine Learning-Based Nonlinear Nudging for Chaotic Dynamical Systems
• Resilience metrics to guide back-up investments in the power system during extreme weather
• A Summer Meridional Subsurface Temperature Dipole Mode in the South China Sea
• DeepKoopFormer: A Koopman Enhanced Transformer Based Architecture for Time Series Forecasting
• Flow Matching for Probabilistic Learning of Dynamical Systems from Missing or Noisy Data
• A Deep Learning Earth System Model for Efficient Simulation of the Observed Climate
• Modeling turbulent and self-gravitating fluids with Fourier neural operators
• Data-driven global ocean model resolving ocean-atmosphere coupling dynamics
• Atmospheric reanalysis [wikipedia]

Discussions

• Additional information can be found in the two main scientific papers describing ERA5: Hersbach, H., et al. (2020) The ERA5 global reanalysis doi.org/10.1002/qj.3... Soci, C., et al. (2024) The ERA5 [bsky, 3 points, 0 comments]

Related

• The ERA5 global reanalysis from 1940 to 2022
• The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
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• ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications