2014/11/14 by Daniel Haberly, Dariusz Wójcik · 95 citations
Business, Management and Accounting · Engineering · Social Sciences · #Business #Capitalism #Communism #Economic geography #Economics #Economy #Elite Sociology and Global Capitalism #Engineering #Foreign direct investment #Globalization #Labor Movements and Unions #Law #Market economy #Political science #Politics #State Capitalism and Financial Governance #Submarine pipeline
paper · doi:10.1111/ecge.12078
published in Economic Geography 91(3), 251-280 (Taylor & Francis)
openalex publication_date 2014/11/14 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/08/01
Abstract While foreign direct investment ( FDI ) is generally assumed to represent long‐term investments within the real economy, approximately 30–50 percent of global FDI is accounted for by networks of offshore shell companies created by corporations and individuals for tax and other purposes. To date, there has been limited systematic research on the global structure of these networks. Here we address this gap by employing principal component analysis to decompose the global bilateral FDI anomaly matrix into its primary constituent subnetworks. We find that the global offshore FDI network is highly globalized, with a centralized core of jurisdictions in N orthwest E urope and the C aribbean exercising a largely homogenous worldwide influence. To the extent that the network is internally differentiated, this appears to primarily reflect a historic layering of social and political relationships. We identify four primary offshore FDI subnetworks, bearing the imprint of four key processes and events: E uropean, particularly UK colonialism, the post– WWII hegemonic alliance between the U nited S tates and W estern E urope, the fall of S oviet communism, and the rise of C hinese capitalism. We also find evidence of qualitative, but not quantitative, variation in offshore FDI based on national rule of law and communist history.