2025/05/09 by Cristian Chica, Chica, Cristian, Yinglong Guo +3 · 1 citation
Business, Management and Accounting · Economics, Econometrics and Finance · #Capital Investment and Risk Analysis #Digital Platforms and Economics #FOS: Economics and business #General Economics (econ.GN) #Merger and Competition Analysis
paper · pdf · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.06109
openalex publication_date 2025/05/09 · openalex created_date 2025/10/10 · openalex updated_date 2026/07/28
We introduce pricing formulas for competition and collusion models of two-sided markets with an outside option. For the competition model, we find conditions under which prices and consumer surplus may increase or decrease if the outside option utility increases. Therefore, neglecting the outside option can lead to either overestimation or underestimation of these equilibrium outputs. Comparing collusion to competition, we find that in cases of small cross-side externalities, collusion results in decreased normalized net deterministic utilities, reduced market participation and increased price, on both sides of the market. Additionally, we observe that as the number of platforms increases in the competition model, market participation rises. Profits, however, decrease when the net normalized deterministic utility is sufficiently low but increase when it is high. Furthermore, we identify specific conditions that quantify the change of price and consumer surplus when the competition increases.